論文 - 平石　界

Genetic Factors of Individual Differences in Decision Making in Economic Behavior: A Japanese Twin Study using the Allais Problem

平石 界

FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 6   79 - 85 2015年11月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1664-1078

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Heritability of decisions and outcomes of public goods games

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FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 6   79 - 85 2015年04月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1664-1078

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The Watching-Eye Effect on Prosocial Lying

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EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 13 （ 3 ） 711 - 724 2015年

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1474-7049

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Personality and altruism in daily life

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PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 56   206 - 209 2014年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  0191-8869

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Provision or good genes? Menstrual cycle shifts in women's preferences for short-term and long-term mates' altruistic behavior

Oda Ryo, Okuda Akari, Takeda Mia, Hiraishi Kai

Evolutionary Psychology 12 （ 5 ） 888 - 900 2014年

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<p>Men's altruism may have evolved, via female choice, as a signal of either their genetic quality or their willingness to allocate resources to offspring. The possibility that men display altruism to signal their genetic quality may be tested by examining women's preference for men's altruism across the stages of the menstrual cycle. Because women can maximize reproductive benefits by mating with men who have "good genes" on high-fertility versus low-fertility days, women should show a heightened preference for male altruism on high-fertility days compared to low-fertility days, and this heightened preference should be more apparent when women evaluate men for short-term sexual relationships than for long-term committed relationships. The possibility that men display altruism to signal their willingness to provision, as opposed to their genetic quality, may be tested by examining women's preference for men's altruism toward different recipients. More specifically, altruistic behavior toward family members may reflect a willingness to provide resources for kin and, hence, willingness to provision, whereas altruistic behavior toward strangers may function as an honest signal of genetic quality. In two samples of young women (Ns = 131 and 481), we found no differences between high- and low-fertility participants in preference for men's altruism, and women preferred men's altruism more in long-term than short-term relationships. The findings suggest that men's altruistic behavior functions as a signal of willingness to provide resources rather than genetic quality.</p>

Provision or Good Genes? Menstrual Cycle Shifts in Women's Preferences for Short-Term and Long-Term Mates' Altruistic Behavior

平石 界

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 12 （ 5 ） 888 - 900 2014年

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1474-7049

Culture Moderates the Genetic and Environmental Etiologies of Parenting: A Cultural Behavior Genetic Approach

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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 4 （ 4 ） 434 - 444 2013年07月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1948-5506

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Self-Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient (SRAS-DR)

Oda Ryo, Dai Megumi, Niwa Yuki, Ihobe Hiroshi, Kiyonari Toko, Takeda Mia, Hiraishi Kai

Shinrigaku Kenkyu 84 （ 1 ） 28 - 36 2013年04月

ISSN  0021-5236

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<p>This study describes the development and evaluation of the Self-Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient (SRAS-DR). The relationship between an actor and a recipient is important for evolutionary studies of altruistic behavior. However, the existing scale for Japanese undergraduates does not distinguish recipients of altruistic behaviors. We developed a new self-report altruism scale based on an evolutionary viewpoint. In Study 1, undergraduate students described their altruistic behaviors in daily life, which we classified according to the recipients (family members, friends or acquaintances and strangers). Then we chose 21 items (7 items for each recipient class) to construct the SRAS-DR by using exploratory factor analyses. In Study 2, we investigated validity and reliability of the scale. The scores were significantly correlated with other relevant scales as well as with behavioral indicators. Test-retest reliability was high. These results indicate that the SRAS-DR has acceptable reliability and validity, and can be used in evolutionary studies of human altruism.</p>

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Two Cohort and Three Independent Anonymous Twin Projects at the Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC)

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TWIN RESEARCH AND HUMAN GENETICS 16 （ 1 ） 202 - 216 2013年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1832-4274

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The Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese Twin Sample: Heritability, Prenatal Hormone Transfer, and Association with Sexual Orientation

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ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 41 （ 3 ） 711 - 724 2012年06月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  0004-0002

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Human prosociality in altruism niche

Oda Ryo, Hiraishi Kai, Fukukawa Yasuyuki, Matsumoto-Oda Akiko

Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 9 （ 4 ） 283 - 293 2011年12月

ISSN  1789-2082

　概要を見る

<p>Possible effects of external and internal factors affecting prosociality in Japanese undergraduates were investigated. We employed social support as an external factor and helping norms, self-consciousness, other-consciousness, self-esteem, and religious attitude as internal factors. Prosociality toward friends/acquaintances was significantly positively correlated with social support from siblings, social support from friends/acquaintances, self-sacrifice norms, and private self-consciousness, whereas prosociality toward strangers was significantly positively correlated with social support from mothers, private self-consciousness, and self-esteem but negatively correlated with social support from siblings. The results support claims of an altruism niche that rest on the assumption that prosociality can be maintained only in an environment or a society in which altruistic acts are rewarded. Among the internal factors, private self-consciousness was the only factor found to correlate with both aspects of prosociality. Higher scores on private selfconsciousness were related to irrational altruism, making people less susceptible to the features of particular situations and, consequently, producing reputational benefits.</p>

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An eye-like painting enhances the expectation of a good reputation (vol 32, pg 166, 2011)

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EVOLUTION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 32 （ 5 ） 372 - 372 2011年09月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1090-5138

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An eye-like painting enhances the expectation of a good reputation

平石 界

EVOLUTION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 32 （ 3 ） 166 - 171 2011年05月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1090-5138

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A simple syllogism-solving test: Empirical findings and implications for g research

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INTELLIGENCE 39 （ 2-3 ） 89 - 99 2011年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  0160-2896

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Factors affecting the formation of empathy

Shikishima Chizuru, Hiraishi Kai, Yamagata Shinji, Ando Juko

Research in Social Psychology 26 （ 3 ） 188 - 201 2011年

ISSN  0916-1503

　概要を見る

<p>Factors contributing to individual differences of empathy were examined using behavioral genetics methodology. Data related to individual levels of empathy and parental warmth received during childhood were collected from approximately 450 pairs of twins (ages 14-33). A bivariate model analysis clarified that shared family environmental factors did not contribute to the formation of empathy. No common shared environmental factors were detected between empathy and parental warmth, either. The positive correlation between the two variables was mediated principally by genetics. The result does not support socialization theory, which holds that warm parenting nurtures children's empathy. - However, the subsequent gene-environment interaction model analysis revealed that shared family environmental factors significantly affected the formation of empathy for those with high or very low parental warmth. The results imply that individuals with a strong or very weak attachment to their parents were more influenced by the shared family environment.</p>

Is g an entity? A Japanese twin study using syllogisms and intelligence tests

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INTELLIGENCE 37 （ 3 ） 256 - 267 2009年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  0160-2896

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Maintenance of genetic variation in personality through control of mental mechanisms: a test of trust, extraversion, and agreeableness

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EVOLUTION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 29 （ 2 ） 79 - 85 2008年03月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1090-5138

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Does an altruist-detection cognitive mechanism function independently of a cheater-detection cognitive mechanism? Studies using Wason selection tasks

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EVOLUTION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 27 （ 5 ） 366 - 380 2006年09月

研究論文（学術雑誌）,  ISSN  1090-5138

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General trust and individual differences on the wason selection task with sharing-rule

Hiraishi Kai, Ando Juko, Ono Yutaka, Hasegawa Toshikazu

Psychologia 47 （ 4 ） 226 - 237 2004年12月

ISSN  0033-2852

　概要を見る

<p>On the Wason selection task with the Sharing-rule, there are three major response patterns; 1) to select those cards that detect resource-provider's non-cooperation to in-group, 2) to select those cards that detect resource-provider's failure to exclude out-group parasitism, and 3) to select the cards that detect both types of rule violation. We examined the relationship between the individual differences on the Sharing-rule Wason selection task and the participants' general trust level. Results showed lower general trusters tended to select the cards that detect resource-provider's failure to exclude out-group parasitism. The higher general trusters showed a tendency to select only the cards that detect non-cooperation by resource-provider. These results suggest that individual differences on social rule reasoning are related to respondents' perception, cognition, and attitude towards the social world.</p>

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Genetics of cognition

Wright M., Geus E. D., Ando J., Luciano M., Posthuma D., Ono Y., Hansell N., Baal C. V., Hiraishi K., Hasegawa T., Smith G., Geffen G., Geffen L., Kanba S., Miyake A., Martin N., Boomsma D.

Twin Research 4 （ 1 ） 48 - 56 2001年

ISSN  1369-0523

　概要を見る

<p>A multidisciplinary collaborative study examining cognition in a large sample of twins is outlined. A common experimental protocol and design is used in The Netherlands, Australia and Japan to measure cognitive ability using traditional IQ measures (i.e., psychometric IQ), processing speed (e.g., reaction time [RT] and inspection time [IT]), and working memory (e.g., spatial span, delayed response [DR] performance). The main aim is to investigate the genetic covariation among these cognitive phenotypes in order to use the correlated biological markers in future linkage and association analyses to detect quantitative-trait loci (QTLs). We outline the study and methodology, and report results from our preliminary analyses that examines the heritability of processing speed and working memory indices, and their phenotypic correlation with IQ. Heritability of Full Scale IQ was 87% in the Netherlands, 83% in Australia, and 71% in Japan. Heritability estimates for processing speed and working memory indices ranged from 33-64%. Associations of IQ with RT and IT (-0.28 to -0.36) replicated previous findings with those of higher cognitive ability showing faster speed of processing. Similarly, significant correlations were indicated between IQ and the spatial span working memory task (storage [0.31], executive processing [0.37]) and the DR working memory task (0.25), with those of higher cognitive ability showing better memory performance. These analyses establish the heritability of the processing speed and working memory measures to be used in our collaborative twin study of cognition, and support the findings that individual differences in processing speed and working memory may underlie individual differences in psychometric IQ.</p>

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