研究者詳細 - 藤澤　啓子

論文 - 藤澤　啓子

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藤澤啓子

教育心理学年報（一般社団法人日本教育心理学会） 63 （ 0 ） 1 - 16 2024年03月

ISSN 04529650

本稿は，2022年7月から2023年6月までの期間に発表された，乳幼児期と児童期を対象とした研究の概観を行うもので，二つのパートから構成される。一つ目のパートでは，オンライン方式で開催された日本教育心理学会第65回総会において「発達」部門に発表された研究のテーマを整理し，近年の動向との比較を行った。日本教育心理学会第65回総会における学会企画シンポジウム（「縦断データによる研究の現在とこれから」）や『発達心理学研究』での特集号（「縦断研究は発達の解明にどう貢献するのか」第33巻，第4号，2022）に反映されているように，縦断研究にまつわる関心が新たなフェーズに入ったと見られることから，二つ目のパートでは，日本における縦断研究に着目した概観を行った。具体的には，『教育心理学研究』『発達心理学研究』『心理学研究』，Japanese Psychological Researchや国際誌に掲載された論文のうち，乳児期から児童期を対象にした縦断研究に触れながらその動向と今後の展望について考察した。

Association Between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Early Childhood Development

Sato K., Fukai T., Fujisawa K.K., Nakamuro M.

JAMA Pediatrics （JAMA Pediatrics） 177 （ 9 ） 930 - 938 2023年09月

ISSN 21686203

Importance: Although a growing number of studies have reported negative associations of the COVID-19 pandemic with academic performance among school-aged children, less is known about the pandemic's association with early childhood development. Objective: To examine the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and early childhood development. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cohort study conducted in all accredited nursery centers in a Japanese municipality, baseline surveys of children aged 1 and 3 years (1000 and 922, respectively) were conducted between 2017 and 2019, and participants were followed up for 2 years. Exposure: Children's development was compared at age 3 or 5 years between cohorts that were exposed to the pandemic during the follow-up and a cohort that was not. Main Outcome and Measure: Children's developmental age was measured by nursery teachers using the Kinder Infant Development Scale (KIDS). Data were analyzed between December 8, 2022, and May 6, 2023. Results: A total of 447 children (201 girls [45.0%] and 246 boys [55.0%]) aged 1 year at baseline were followed up to age 3 years, and 440 children (200 girls [45.5%] and 240 boys [54.5%]) aged 3 years at baseline were followed up to age 5 years. During the follow-up, the cohorts that were exposed to the pandemic were 4.39 months behind in development at age 5 compared with the cohort that was not (coefficient, -4.39; 95% credible interval, -7.66 to -1.27). Such a negative association was not observed in development at age 3 years (coefficient, 1.32; 95% credible interval, -0.44 to 3.01). Variations in development were greater during the pandemic than before the pandemic regardless of age. Additionally, the quality of care at nursery centers was positively associated with development at age 3 years during the pandemic (coefficient, 2.01; 95% credible interval, 0.58-3.44), while parental depression appeared to amplify the association between the pandemic and delayed development at age 5 (coefficient of interaction, -2.62; 95% credible interval, -4.80 to -0.49; P =.009). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this study showed an association between exposure to the pandemic and delayed childhood development at age 5 years. Variations in development widened during the pandemic regardless of age. It is important to identify children with developmental delays associated with the pandemic and provide them with support for learning, socialization, physical and mental health, and family support.

Quality of early childhood education and care in Japanese accredited nursery centers: A study using the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale, Third Edition (ECERS-3)

Fujisawa K.K., Fukai T., Nakamuro M.

PLoS ONE （PLoS ONE） 18 （ 2 February ） 2023年02月

ISSN 1932-6203

This study presents the first quantitative evaluation of the quality of early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Japan to make a significant contribution to the body of knowledge accumulated on ECEC in countries where research has been limited. We observed 30 classes comprising 3-year-olds, 28 classes comprising 5-year-olds, and 30 classes comprising mixed-ages from publicly provided nursery centers under the jurisdiction of the Kanto metropolitan area, Japan. An internationally-recognized quality rating scale for ECEC called the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale, 3rd edition, which consists of six subscales, was used for this study. In contrast to previous studies conducted in the US, the results of this study showed that the Japanese ECEC is characterized as showing higher scores in the two subscales, “Personal Care Routines” and “Interaction,” and showing lower score in the subscale, “Learning Activities.” In addition, this study showed that the quality of ECEC varied across nursery centers. Furthermore, with regard to the two subscales, “Interaction” and “Language and Literacy,” the degree of variation within centers differed across nursery centers. This study analyzed how these characteristics of Japanese ECEC can be partly produced by the existence of national guideline for nursery centers authorized by the Japanese government. In addition, mechanisms producing differences in the quality of ECEC among and within centers were also discussed.

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福祉サービス第三者評価と保育の質との関連：現状と課題

藤澤啓子, 深井太洋, 中室牧子

RIETI Discussion Paper Series 22-J-042 2022年

CiNii Research

就学前における家庭の経済的困難及び児童の健康・発達面のリスクと学力との関連：行政記録情報による検証

藤澤啓子, 深井太洋, 広井賀子, 中室牧子

発達心理学研究（一般社団法人日本発達心理学会） 33 （ 4 ） 332 - 345 2022年

査読有り, ISSN 09159029

本研究は自治体から提供された，1万名を超える児童・生徒の福祉・健康・教育に関する行政記録情報をもちいて，就学前に経験した家庭の経済的困難（生活保護受給）と3歳児健診情報に基づき評価された子ども自身の健康・発達上のリスクがある場合に就学後の学力が低いことを示した。家庭の経済的困難に晒された期間が長いほど学力の低さとの関連が大きいことが分かった。また，3歳児健診が未受診である場合にも就学後の学力が低いことが示された。すべての児童を悉皆的に把握できる福祉・健康・教育関連の行政記録情報が所管横断的に集約され，子ども期における発育上のリスク要因と成長との関連を明らかにすることは，科学的根拠に基づくアウトリーチやプッシュ型支援の効果的な実施のために極めて重要であることが考えられた。

認可保育所における幼児教育・保育の質に関する評価の実施と課題

藤澤啓子, 中室牧子

ESRI Discussion Paper － 2022年

CiNii Research

ふたごの育児～遺伝？環境？社会性をはぐくむには～

藤澤啓子

日本周産期・新生児医学会雑誌（一般社団法人日本周産期・新生児医学会） 56 （ 4 ） 572 - 573 2021年

ISSN 1348964X

慶應義塾大学首都圏ふたごプロジェクト（研究代表：安藤寿康慶應義塾大学教授）では，『ふたご「の」研究』『ふたご「による」研究』『ふたご「のための」研究』を三本の柱として行っています（プロジェクトの全体像については，Ando, et al.2）をご参照ください）．本講演では，首都圏ふたごプロジェクトがこれまでに行ってきた三本の柱の研究の中から，乳幼児期の双生児に関するものを中心に研究結果を紹介しました．

Psychosocial Twin Cohort Studies in Japan: The Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC)

Ando J., Fujisawa K.K., Hiraishi K., Shikishima C., Kawamoto T., Nozaki M., Yamagata S., Takahashi Y., Suzuki K., Someya Y., Ozaki K., Deno M., Tanaka M., Sasaki S., Toda T., Kobayashi K., Sakagami M., Okada M., Kijima N., Takizawa R., Murayama K.

Twin Research and Human Genetics （Twin Research and Human Genetics） 22 （ 6 ） 591 - 596 2019年12月

ISSN 18324274

The Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC) was established in 2009 at Keio University to combine two longitudinal cohort projects - the Keio Twin Study (KTS) for adolescence and adulthood and the Tokyo Twin Cohort Project (ToTCoP) for infancy and childhood. KoTReC also conducted a two-time panel study of self-control and psychopathology in twin adolescence in 2012 and 2013 and three independent anonymous cross-sectional twin surveys (ToTcross) before 2012 - the ToTCross, the Junior and Senior High School Survey and the High School Survey. This article introduces the recent research designs of KoTReC and its publications.

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Changes in genetic and environmental influences on cognitive ability, executive function, and preacademic skills in japanese preschool age twins

Fujisawa K., Todo N., Ando J.

Developmental Psychology （Developmental Psychology） 55 （ 1 ） 38 - 52 2019年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 00121649

© 2018 American Psychological Association. Identifying the cognitive capacities associated with the development of school readiness is indispensable to support children's successful school transition. It has been shown that executive function (EF) in preschoolers is associated with both concurrent preacademic and subsequent academic skills. However, most research has controlled for the effect of general cognitive ability (GCA), and little research has examined non-English speaking children, which hinders the understanding of the development of school readiness in culturally diverse contexts. In addition, behavioral genetic research on the genetic and environmental influences on this association has been conducted with school-age children. Thus, the genetic and environmental influences on associations between GCA, EF, and preacademic skills during preschool age are unknown. We conducted multivariate behavioral genetic analyses on two waves of longitudinal data at 42 and 60 months of age from 171 and 135 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic Japanese twins. The findings suggested that a genetic factor influenced GCA at 42 months and mediated preacademic ability at 60 months. In addition, another genetic factor emerged by 60 months that genetically mediated EF and math ability, independent of GCA. Preacademic ability at 60 months was affected by shared environments that influenced EF, rather than GCA, at 42 months. Moreover, shared environments that influenced preacademic ability at 42 months affected later GCA at 60 months. Finally, nonshared environments that had emerged by 60 months mediated these relationships, though the magnitude of this effect was modest.

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Genetic and environmental influences on the development and stability of executive functions in children of preschool age: A longitudinal study of Japanese twins

Fujisawa K. K., Todo N., Ando J.

Infant and Child Development （Infant and Child Development） 26 （ 3 ） 2016年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 15227227

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Executive functions (EF) are an important predictor of later adaptive development. A number of environmental influences, such as parenting, have been suggested as important promoters of EF development. However, behavioural genetic research has demonstrated that many environmental influences could be affected by genetic influences. Therefore, it is important to consider genetic variations when investigating environmental influences on EF development in children. To date, few studies have used genetically informative designs to assess the etiology of EF development during the preschool years, a period of rapid development. As a result, it remains unclear how and to what extent the environmental influences that are not confounded by genetic influences affect EF development during this developmental period. The present study explored EF development during the preschool years using a longitudinal and genetically informative design and a non-Western population. Japanese twins were visited at their homes and individually tested on EF measures at 24, 36, and 48 months of age. Phenotypic correlations and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that EF are less cohesive at 24 months of age and emerge as a common single factor at 36 and 48 months. Additionally, longitudinal and multivariate behavioural genetic analyses indicated that the EF developmental change during this period is promoted by both shared and nonshared environmental influences as well as genetic influences, while EF stability is brought about by shared environments. The present findings elucidated the etiology of EF development during the preschool years and confirmed that this period is an important transitional stage for EF development. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Two Cohort and Three Independent Anonymous Twin Projects at the Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC).

Ando, J., Fujisawa, K., K., Shikishima, C., Hiraishi, K., Nozaki, M., Yamagata, S., … Ooki, S.

Twin Research and Human Genetics （Twin Research and Human Genetics） 16 （ 1 ） 202 - 216 2013年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 18324274

The Keio Twin Research Center has conducted two longitudinal twin cohort projects and has collected three independent and anonymous twin data sets for studies of phenotypes related to psychological, socio-economic, and mental health factors. The Keio Twin Study has examined adolescent and adult cohorts, with a total of over 2,400 pairs of twins and their parents. DNA samples are available for approximately 600 of these twin pairs. The Tokyo Twin Cohort Project has followed a total of 1,600 twin pairs from infancy to early childhood. The large-scale cross-sectional twin study (CROSS) has collected data from over 4,000 twin pairs, from 3 to 26 years of age, and from two high school twin cohorts containing a total of 1,000 pairs of twins. These data sets of anonymous twin studies have mainly targeted academic performance, attitude, and social environment. The present article introduces the research designs and major findings of our center, such as genetic structures of cognitive abilities, personality traits, and academic performances, developmental effects of genes and environment on attitude, socio-cognitive ability and parenting, genes x environment interaction on attitude and conduct problem, and statistical methodological challenges and so on. We discuss the challenges in conducting twin research in Japan. Copyright © The Authors 2013.

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Bidirectional influences between maternal parenting and children’s peer problems: A longitudinal monozygotic twin difference study.

Yamagata, S., Takahashi, Y., Ozaki, K., Fujisawa, K. K., Nonaka, K., Ando, J.

Developmental Science （Developmental Science） 16 （ 2 ） 249 - 259 2013年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 1363755X

This twin study examined the bidirectional relationship between maternal parenting behaviors and children's peer problems that were not confounded by genetic and family environmental factors. Mothers of 259 monozygotic twin pairs reported parenting behaviors and peer problems when twins were 42 and 48 months. Path analyses on monozygotic twin difference scores revealed that authoritative parenting (the presence of consistent discipline and lack of harsh parenting) and peer problems simultaneously influenced each other. Authoritative parenting reduced peer problems, and peer problems increased authoritative parenting. Neither consistent discipline nor harsh parenting alone was associated with peer problems. These results suggest that maternal authoritative parenting works protectively in regard to children's peer problems, and peer problems can evoke such effective parenting. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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A multivariate twin study of early literacy in Japanese kana.

Fujisawa, K. K., Wadsworth, S. J., Kakihana, S., Olson, R.K., DeFries, J. C., Byrne, B., Ando, J.

Learning and Individual Differences （Learning and Individual Differences） 24 160 - 167 2013年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 10416080

This first Japanese twin study of early literacy development investigated the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence individual differences in prereading skills in 238 pairs of twins at 42. months of age. Twin pairs were individually tested on measures of phonological awareness, kana letter name/sound knowledge, receptive vocabulary, visual perception, nonword repetition, and digit span. Results obtained from univariate behavioral-genetic analyses yielded little evidence for genetic influences, but substantial shared-environmental influences, for all measures. Phenotypic confirmatory factor analysis suggested three correlated factors: phonological awareness, letter name/sound knowledge, and general prereading skills. Multivariate behavioral genetic analyses confirmed relatively small genetic and substantial shared environmental influences on the factors. The correlations among the three factors were mostly attributable to shared environment. Thus, shared environmental influences play an important role in the early reading development of Japanese children. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.

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Genetic and environmental relationships between head circumference growth in the first year of life and sociocognitive development in the second year: A longitudinal twin study

Fujisawa K., Ozaki K., Suzuki K., Yamagata S., Kawahashi I., Ando J.

Developmental Science （Developmental Science） 15 （ 1 ） 99 - 112 2012年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 1363755X

Although growth in head circumference (HC) during infancy is known to predict later childhood outcomes, the mechanisms underlying this association with later sociocognitive abilities remain undetermined. Thus, using a sample of 241 pairs of normally developing Japanese twins, this study investigated the underpinnings of the association between HC growth (difference between HC at birth and at 10months) and sociocognitive abilities at 19months as measured by 10 items from the M-CHAT. Phenotypic correlations between HC at birth and sociocognitive abilities and between HC growth and sociocognitive abilities were marginal and not significant. However, multivariate genetic analyses using Cholesky decomposition revealed that genetic influences on HC growth and those on sociocognitive abilities were negatively associated. On the other hand, shared and nonshared environmental influences on HC growth were positively associated with influences on sociocognitive abilities. Genetic and environmental influences on HC at birth were not significantly associated with influences on sociocognitive abilities. These results help to clarify the role of brain growth during infancy in the subsequent development of sociocognitive abilities and highlight the importance of examining the different roles of genetic and environmental influences in studies of these areas. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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The effects of sibling relationships on social adjustment among Japanese twins compared with singletons.

Nozaki, M., Fujisawa, K. K., Ando, J., Hasegawa, T.

Twin Research and Human Genetics （Twin Research and Human Genetics） 15 （ 6 ） 727 - 736 2012年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 18324274

This study examined the link between sibling relationships and children's social adjustment by comparing twin siblings and siblings with different ages (singleton siblings), and clarified the role of reciprocity in sibling relationships on children's social development. Mothers of 58 monozygotic twin pairs, 48 dizygotic twin pairs, and 86 singleton sibling pairs reported their children's sibling relationships and social adjustment. This study showed that the effects of sibling relationships on the prosocial behaviors and conduct problems of each child are stronger for twins than for singleton siblings. Moreover, positivity toward one's sibling increased peer problems only among monozygotic twins. The opposite tendency was present among dizygotic twins and singleton siblings. This study suggests the importance for children's social development of having many interactions with siblings and establishing reciprocity in sibling relationships. Moreover, our results suggest that the quality of sibling relationships among monozygotic twins may be different from those among dizygotic twins and singleton siblings. © The Authors 2012.

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Hyperactivity/inattention problems moderate environmental but not genetic mediation between negative parenting and conduct problems.

Fujisawa, K. K., Yamagata, S., Ozaki, K., Ando, J.

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology （Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology） 40 （ 2 ） 189 - 200 2012年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 00910627

This study investigated the association between negative parenting (NP) and conduct problems (CP) in 6-year-old twins, taking into account the severity of hyperactivity/inattention problems (HIAP). Analyses of the data from 1,677 pairs of twins and their parents revealed that the shared environmental covariance between NP and CP was moderated by the level of HIAP but not by CP or NP, where the shared environmental covariance was larger in children with higher levels of HIAP than in children with lower levels of HIAP. The genetic covariance between NP and CP was not moderated by the level of HIAP, whereas it was larger in the group with lower levels of CP and NP than in the group with higher levels. These results suggest that severe HIAP strengthens shared environmental associations between NP and CP and that interventions focusing on the shared environmental component of NP would be effective for parents and children with severe HIAP. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.

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Social network analyses of positive and negative relationships among Japanese preschool classmates.

Fujisawa, K. K., Kutsukake, N., Hasegawa, T.

International Journal of Behavioral Development （International Journal of Behavioral Development） 33 （ 3 ） 193 - 201 2009年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 01650254

Using social network analysis, we investigated the characteristics of social networks composed of positive relationships (positive network: PN) and negative relationships (negative network: NN) in classrooms of Japanese 3- and 4-year-olds. Analysis of "density" showed that PNs were denser than NNs among 4-year-olds but that this was not the case among 3-year-olds. The difference between the probability of dyads of girls forming cliques, between PNs and NNs, was larger than that for dyads of boys or mixed-sex dyads. Four-year-olds formed cliques more often in PNs than in NNs, compared to 3-year-olds. This study showed that both sex combination of dyads and age affect the quantified properties of social networks among preschoolers. © 2009 The International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development.

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The stabilizing role of aggressive children in affiliative social networks among preschoolers.

Fujisawa, K. K., Kutsukake, N., Hasegawa, T.

Behaviour （Behaviour） 145 （ 11 ） 1577 - 1600 2008年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 00057959

In general, aggression is believed to destabilize social integration. The question of who plays a central role in stabilizing and facilitating social integration is important in studies of conflict management and resolution. We investigated that question by applying social network analysis to behavioral data of preschool children (3- and 4-year-olds) in four classes. We identified two kinds of social network structures in each class: 'affiliative network structure' (ANS) consisting of socially positive behavior (affiliation and prosocial behavior) and 'disruptive network structure' (DNS) consisting of socially negative behavior (aggressive or disruptive behavior). Next, we tested how the exclusion of each child, having different degrees of centrality within the ANS or DNS, influenced the 'density', or cohesiveness, of the DNS or ANS among the same children. We found that excluding the children with higher centrality in the ANS did not affect the density of the DNS. In contrast, excluding the children with higher centrality in the DNS reduced the density of the ANS to a greater extent. This suggests that aggressive children play not only a dispersive role but also a cohesive role in their networks. This counterintuitive result highlights the adaptive and dual roles of aggressive children in their social groups. © 2008 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden.

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Reciprocity of prosocial behavior in Japanese preschool children.

Fujisawa, K. K., Kutsukake, N., Hasegawa, T.

International Journal of Behavioral Development （International Journal of Behavioral Development） 32 （ 2 ） 89 - 97 2008年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 01650254

This study investigated the reciprocity of prosocial behavior among 3- and 4-year-old Japanese preschool children during free-play time. Matrix correlation tests revealed positive correlations between the frequencies of object offering given and received within dyads and between the frequencies of helping given and received within dyads. These results suggest that young children reciprocate prosocial behavior spontaneously. Positive correlations were also found between the frequencies of object offering and helping behavior exchanged within dyads, suggesting that children exchanged the two types of prosocial behaviors (i.e., "interchanged"). The interchange was independent of both reciprocity within object offering and reciprocity within helping behavior in 4-year-olds. Friends reciprocated object offerings more frequently than non-friends, suggesting that friendship affects the quantitative aspect of reciprocity. These data provide refined evidence of reciprocity among children and also suggest that reciprocity becomes more complicated as children grow older. © 2008 Sage Publications.

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The Tokyo Twin Cohort Project: overview and initial findings.

Ando, J., Nonaka, K., Ozaki, K., Sato, N., Fujisawa, K. K., Suzuki, K., Yamagata, S., Takahashi, Y., Nakajima, R., Kato, N., Ooki, S.

Twin Research and Human Genetics （Twin Research and Human Genetics） 9 （ 6 ） 817 - 826 2006年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 18324274

The Tokyo Twin Cohort Project (ToTCoP) is a large-scale longitudinal study of 5 years based on 1619 pairs of infant twins reared together. The purpose of the study is to construct a population-based twin registry in Japan and to investigate human growth and development and twin themselves. It covers behavioral, neurological, physical and environmental variables measured by questionnaire, home visiting and brain imaging technology. The full registry contains over 47,000 multiple births collected from the Basic Resident Register, and the targeted population is 3070 probable twins of 0 to 2 years old. Preliminary analysis of the entry questionnaire data showed no serious sampling biases. Descriptive statistics of parental characteristics (parental age, gestation age, parity and placentation, maternal weight, parenting stress) and children's characteristics (body size at birth, 4 and 10 months of age, milk consumption, and sleeping and social behavior) and their correlations, genetic and environmental contributions and correlations are reported.

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