Papers - Iwama, Seitaro

Biofeedback training can enhance esports players’ shooting performance in an aiming task: focusing on cortical activity and gaze movement

Inhyeok Jeong, Naotsugu Kaneko, Donghyun Kim, Ryogo Takahashi, Seitaro Iwama, Mayu Dohata, Junichi Ushiba, Kimitaka Nakazawa

Computers in Human Behavior 175 2025.10

ISSN  0747-5632

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Enhanced human sensorimotor integration via self-modulation of the somatosensory activity

Seitaro Iwama*, Takamasa Ueno*, Tatsuro Fujimaki, Junichi Ushiba, *: Equally contributed

iScience (Elsevier BV)  28 ( 4 ) 112145 - 112145 2025.03

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted,  ISSN  2589-0042

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Improved motor imagery skills after repetitive passive somatosensory stimulation: a parallel-group, pre-registered study

Kyoko Kusano, Masaaki Hayashi, Seitaro Iwama, Junichi Ushiba

Frontiers in Neural Circuits (Frontiers Media SA)  18 2025.01

Accepted

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Introduction

Motor-imagery-based Brain-Machine Interface (MI-BMI) has been established as an effective treatment for post-stroke hemiplegia. However, the need for long-term intervention can represent a significant burden on patients. Here, we demonstrate that motor imagery (MI) instructions for BMI training, when supplemented with somatosensory stimulation in addition to conventional verbal instructions, can help enhance MI capabilities of healthy participants.

Methods

Sixteen participants performed MI during scalp EEG signal acquisition before and after somatosensory stimulation to assess MI-induced cortical excitability, as measured using the event-related desynchronization (ERD) of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). The non-dominant left hand was subjected to neuromuscular electrical stimulation above the sensory threshold but below the motor threshold (St-NMES), along with passive movement stimulation using an exoskeleton. Participants were randomly divided into an intervention group, which received somatosensory stimulation, and a control group, which remained at rest without stimulation.

Results

The intervention group exhibited a significant increase in SMR-ERD compared to the control group, indicating that somatosensory stimulation contributed to improving MI ability.

Discussion

This study demonstrates that somatosensory stimulation, combining electrical and mechanical stimuli, can improve MI capability and enhance the excitability of the sensorimotor cortex in healthy individuals.

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Neurofeedback-induced desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythm elicits pre-movement downregulation of intracortical inhibition that shortens simple reaction time in humans: a double-blind sham-controlled randomized study

Yoshihito Muraoka, Seitaro Iwama, Junichi Ushiba

Imaging Neuroscience (MIT Press)  Accepted 2024.10

Accepted

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Abstract

Sensorimotor rhythm event-related desynchronization (SMR-ERD) is associated with the activities of cortical inhibitory circuits in the motor cortex. The self-regulation of SMR-ERD through neurofeedback training has demonstrated that successful SMR-ERD regulation improves motor performance. However, the training-induced changes in neural dynamics in the motor cortex underlying performance improvement remain unclear. Here, we hypothesized that SMR-neurofeedback based on motor imagery reduces cortical inhibitory activities during motor preparation, leading to shortened reaction time due to the repetitive recruitment of neural populations shared with motor imagery and movement preparation. To test this, we conducted a double-blind, sham-controlled study on twenty-four participants using neurofeedback training and pre- and post-training evaluation for simple reaction time tests and cortical inhibitory activity using short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). The results showed that veritable neurofeedback training effectively enhanced SMR-ERD in healthy male and female participants, accompanied by reduced simple reaction times and pre-movement SICI. Furthermore, SMR-ERD changes correlated with changes in pre-movement cortical disinhibition, and the disinhibition magnitude correlated with behavioral changes. These results suggest that SMR-neurofeedback modulates cortical inhibitory circuits during movement preparation, thereby enhancing motor performance.

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EEG decoding with spatiotemporal convolutional neural network for visualization and closed‐loop control of sensorimotor activities: A simultaneous EEG‐fMRI study

Seitaro Iwama, Shohei Tsuchimoto, Nobuaki Mizuguchi, Junichi Ushiba

Human Brain Mapping (Wiley)  45 ( 9 )  2024.06

Lead author, Accepted,  ISSN  1065-9471

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Abstract

Closed‐loop neurofeedback training utilizes neural signals such as scalp electroencephalograms (EEG) to manipulate specific neural activities and the associated behavioral performance. A spatiotemporal filter for high‐density whole‐head scalp EEG using a convolutional neural network can overcome the ambiguity of the signaling source because each EEG signal includes information on the remote regions. We simultaneously acquired EEG and functional magnetic resonance images in humans during the brain‐computer interface (BCI) based neurofeedback training and compared the reconstructed and modeled hemodynamic responses of the sensorimotor network. Filters constructed with a convolutional neural network captured activities in the targeted network with spatial precision and specificity superior to those of the EEG signals preprocessed with standard pipelines used in BCI‐based neurofeedback paradigms. The middle layers of the trained model were examined to characterize the neuronal oscillatory features that contributed to the reconstruction. Analysis of the layers for spatial convolution revealed the contribution of distributed cortical circuitries to reconstruction, including the frontoparietal and sensorimotor areas, and those of temporal convolution layers that successfully reconstructed the hemodynamic response function. Employing a spatiotemporal filter and leveraging the electrophysiological signatures of the sensorimotor excitability identified in our middle layer analysis would contribute to the development of a further effective neurofeedback intervention.

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Rapid functional remodeling of the targeted contralesional hemisphere induced by one week of noninvasive closed-loop neurofeedback guides motor recovery in post-stroke patients with chronic motor impairment: a phase I trial

Kenichi Takasaki, Seitaro Iwama, Fumio Liu, Miho Ogura-Hiramoto, Kohei Okuyama, Michiyuki Kawakami, Katsuhiro Mizuno, Shoko Kasuga, Tomoyuki Noda, Jun Morimoto, Meigen Liu, Junichi Ushiba

medRxiv (preprint)  2024.06

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Hand motor recovery from post-stroke chronic severe hemiplegia with brain-computer interface based neurofeedback exercise: A randomized controlled trial

Katsuhiro Mizuno, Masaaki Hayashi, Seitaro Iwama, Daisuke Nishida, Kaoru Honaga, Hiroshi Fuseya, Ryotaro Hirose, Kohei Okuyama, Miho Ogura-Hiramoto, Michiyuki Kawakami, Junichi Ushiba, Meigen Liu

medRxiv (preprint) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)   2024.06

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Background: Post-stroke hemiplegia is a common neurological condition with a significant impact on the daily lives of patients, their families, and society. Since motor imagery and execution are supposed to share common neural networks, repeated motor imagery has been used as a common exercise for motor recovery. However, recent meta-analysis has reported inconsistent results. In the present study, we investigated whether real-time feedback of cortical activities estimated from scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) could enhance the efficacy of motor imagery-based rehabilitation in post-stroke hemiplegic patients. Methods: Forty post-stroke chronic hemiplegic patients received 10 days of 40-minute mental practice with motor imagery of the paralyzed hand in addition to 40-minute standard occupational therapy. Patients were randomly allocated to REAL and CTRL groups. In the REAL group, the EEG sensorimotor rhythm recorded over the ipsilesional sensorimotor area were fed back during motor imagery though combination of visual cursor movement, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and robotic movement support. The patients in the CTRL group wore the same EEG headset as the REAL group, but no feedback was provided. The primary outcome was the upper-extremity subscales of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA). Primary outcomes were tested after 28 days of intervention using analysis of covariance models. This trial is registered with UMIN Clinical Trial Registry, UMIN000026372. Findings: FMA scores showed a significant main effect of time (p = 0.027) with an ANCOVA model considering baseline but not a significant between-group difference. However a significant interaction between time and group (p = 0.037) and greater functional gain in the REAL group (p < 0.001) were found with another model considering patient heterogeneity. The improvement was accompanied with the significant changes in the modulation index of finger extensor muscles in the affected hand in the REAL group. Moreover, imagery-related cortical activation in the sensorimotor area was significantly greater in the REAL group than in the CTRL group. No moderate or serious adverse events were confirmed in both groups. Interpretation: EEG-based brain-computer interface neurofeedback may enhance the efficacy of mental practice with motor imagery and augment motor recovery in poststroke patients with chronic and severe hemiplegia. Funding: Sponsored by AMED under Grant Number JP18hk0102032 and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 20H05923.

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Rapid-IAF: Rapid Identification of Individual Alpha Frequency in EEG Data Using Sequential Bayesian Estimation

Seitaro Iwama, Junichi Ushiba

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE))  32   915 - 922 2024

Lead author, Accepted,  ISSN  1534-4320

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Neurofeedback-induced desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythm elicits pre-movement downregulation of intracortical inhibition that shortens simple reaction time in humans: A …

Y Muraoka, S Iwama, J Ushiba

Imaging Neuroscience 2, 1-15  2024

Rapid functional remodeling of the targeted contralesional hemisphere induced by one week of noninvasive closed-loop neurofeedback guides motor recovery in post-stroke patients …

K Takasaki, S Iwama, F Liu, M Ogura-Hiramoto, K Okuyama, M Kawakami, ...

medRxiv, 2024.06. 11.24308643  2024

High-density scalp electroencephalogram dataset during sensorimotor rhythm-based brain-computer interfacing

Seitaro Iwama, Masumi Morishige, Midori Kodama, Yoshikazu Takahashi, Ryotaro Hirose, Junichi Ushiba

Scientific Data 10 ( 385 ) 1 - 7 2023.06

Accepted

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Real-time functional imaging of human neural activity and its closed-loop feedback enable voluntary control of targeted brain regions. In particular, a brain-computer interface (BCI), a direct bridge of neural activities and machine actuation is one promising clinical application of neurofeedback. Although a variety of studies reported successful self-regulation of motor cortical activities probed by scalp electroencephalogram (EEG), it remains unclear how neurophysiological, experimental conditions or BCI designs influence variability in BCI learning. Here, we provide the EEG data during using BCIs based on sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), consisting of 4 separate datasets. All EEG data were acquired with a high-density scalp EEG setup containing 128 channels covering the whole head. All participants were instructed to perform motor imagery of right-hand movement as the strategy to control BCIs based on the task-related power attenuation of SMR magnitude, that is event-related desynchronization. This dataset would allow researchers to explore the potential source of variability in BCI learning efficiency and facilitate follow-up studies to test the explicit hypotheses explored by the dataset.

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Thirty-minute motor imagery exercise aided by EEG sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback enhances morphing of sensorimotor cortices: a double-blind sham-controlled study.

Midori Kodama*, Seitaro Iwama*, Masumi Morishige, Junichi Ushiba

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) (Oxford University Press (OUP))  in press ( 11 ) 6573 - 6584 2023.01

Lead author, Accepted,  ISSN  1047-3211

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Neurofeedback training using electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) combined with mental rehearsals of motor behavior has demonstrated successful self-regulation of motor cortical excitability. However, it remains unclear whether the acquisition of skills to voluntarily control neural excitability is accompanied by structural plasticity boosted by neurofeedback. Here, we sought short-term changes in cortical structures induced by 30 min of BCI-based neurofeedback training, which aimed at the regulation of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) in scalp EEG. When participants performed kinesthetic motor imagery of right finger movement with online feedback of either event-related desynchronisation (ERD) of SMR magnitude from the contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SM1) or those from other participants (i.e. placebo), the learning rate of SMR-ERD control was significantly different. Although overlapped structural changes in gray matter volumes were found in both groups, significant differences revealed by group-by-group comparison were spatially different; whereas the veritable neurofeedback group exhibited sensorimotor area-specific changes, the placebo exhibited spatially distributed changes. The white matter change indicated a significant decrease in the corpus callosum in the verum group. Furthermore, the learning rate of SMR regulation was correlated with the volume changes in the ipsilateral SM1, suggesting the involvement of interhemispheric motor control circuitries in BCI control tasks.

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Cortico-cortical coupling of neural oscillations underlying human sensorimotor control

S Iwama

Ph.D. Dissertation  2023

Motor Learning and “Object-based Learning”—from the Perspective of Neuroscience—

S Iwama, M Kokubo, J Ushiba

The KeMCo Review 1 (1), 35-42  2023

Two common issues in synchronized multimodal recordings with EEG: Jitter and Latency

Seitaro Iwama, Mitsuaki Takemi, Ryo Eguchi, Ryotaro Hirose, Masumi Morishige, Junichi Ushiba

bioRxiv (Elsevier BV)  203   1 - 7 2022.12

Lead author, Accepted,  ISSN  0168-0102

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Beta rhythmicity in human motor cortex reflects neural population coupling that modulates subsequent finger coordination stability

Seitaro Iwama, Takufumi Yanagisawa, Ryotaro Hirose, Junichi Ushiba

Communications Biology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC)  5 ( 1 ) 1375 2022.12

Accepted

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Abstract

Human behavior is not performed completely as desired, but is influenced by the inherent rhythmicity of the brain. Here we show that anti-phase bimanual coordination stability is regulated by the dynamics of pre-movement neural oscillations in bi-hemispheric primary motor cortices (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA). In experiment 1, pre-movement bi-hemispheric M1 phase synchrony in beta-band (M1-M1 phase synchrony) was online estimated from 129-channel scalp electroencephalograms. Anti-phase bimanual tapping preceded by lower M1-M1 phase synchrony exhibited significantly longer duration than tapping preceded by higher M1-M1 phase synchrony. Further, the inter-individual variability of duration was explained by the interaction of pre-movement activities within the motor network; lower M1-M1 phase synchrony and spectral power at SMA were associated with longer duration. The necessity of cortical interaction for anti-phase maintenance was revealed by sham-controlled repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over SMA in another experiment. Our results demonstrate that pre-movement cortical oscillatory coupling within the motor network unknowingly influences bimanual coordination performance in humans after consolidation, suggesting the feasibility of augmenting human motor ability by covertly monitoring preparatory neural dynamics.

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De novo brain-computer interfacing deforms manifold of populational neural activity patterns in human cerebral cortex

Seitaro Iwama, Yichi Zhang, Junichi Ushiba

eNeuro (Society for Neuroscience)  9 ( 6 ) ENEURO.0145 - 22.2022 2022.11

Accepted

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Human brains are capable of modulating innate activities to adapt to novel environments and tasks; for sensorimotor neural system this means acquisition of a rich repertoire of activity patterns that improve behavioral performance. To directly map the process of acquiring the neural repertoire during tasks onto performance improvement, we analyzed net neural populational activity during the learning of its voluntary modulation by brain-computer interface (BCI) operation in female and male humans. The recorded whole-head high-density scalp electroencephalograms (EEGs) were subjected to dimensionality reduction algorithm to capture changes in cortical activity patterns represented by the synchronization of neuronal oscillations during adaptation. Although the preserved variance of targeted features in the reduced dimensions was 20%, we found systematic interactions between the activity patterns and BCI classifiers that detected motor attempt; the neural manifold derived in the embedded space was stretched along with motor-related features of EEG by model-based fixed classifiers but not with adaptive classifiers that were constantly recalibrated to user activity. Moreover, the manifold was deformed to be orthogonal to the boundary by de novo classifiers with a fixed decision boundary based on biologically unnatural features. Collectively, the flexibility of human cortical signaling patterns (i.e., neural plasticity) is only induced by operation of a BCI whose classifier required fixed activities, and the adaptation could be induced even the requirement is not consistent with biologically natural responses. These principles of neural adaptation at a macroscopic level may underlie the ability of humans to learn wide-ranging behavioral repertoires and adapt to novel environments.

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Use of common average reference and large-Laplacian spatial-filters enhances EEG signal-to-noise ratios in intrinsic sensorimotor activity

Shohei Tsuchimoto, Shuka Shibusawa, Seitaro Iwama, Masaaki Hayashi, Kohei Okuyama, Nobuaki Mizuguchi, Kenji Kato, Junichi Ushiba

Journal of Neuroscience Methods (Elsevier BV)  353   109089 - 109089 2021.04

Accepted,  ISSN  01650270

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Background: Oscillations in the resting-state scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) represent various intrinsic brain activities. One of the characteristic EEG oscillations is the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)—with its arch-shaped waveform in alpha- and betabands—that reflect sensorimotor activity. The representation of sensorimotor activity by the SMR depends on the signal-to-noise ratio achieved by EEG spatial filters. New method: We employed simultaneous recording of EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and 10-min resting-state brain activities were recorded in 19 healthy volunteers. To compare the EEG spatial-filtering methods commonly used for extracting sensorimotor cortical activities, we assessed nine different spatial-filters: a default reference of EEG amplifier system, a common average reference (CAR), small-, middle- and large-Laplacian filters, and four types of bipolar manners (C3-Cz, C3-F3, C3-P3, and C3-T7). We identified the brain region that correlated with the EEG-SMR power obtained after each spatial-filtering method was applied. Subsequently, we calculated the proportion of the significant voxels in the sensorimotor cortex as well as the sensorimotor occupancy in all significant regions to examine the sensitivity and specificity of each spatial-filter. Results: The CAR and large-Laplacian spatial-filters were superior at improving the signal-to-noise ratios for extracting sensorimotor activity from the EEG-SMR signal. Comparison with existing methods: Our results are consistent with the spatial-filter selection to extract task-dependent activation for better control of EEG-SMR-based interventions. Our approach has the potential to identify the optimal spatial-filter for EEG-SMR. Conclusions: Evaluating spatial-filters for extracting spontaneous sensorimotor activity from the EEG is a useful procedure for constructing more effective EEG-SMR-based interventions.

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Scalp electroencephalograms over ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex reflect contraction patterns of unilateral finger muscles.

Seitaro Iwama, Shohei Tsuchimoto, Masaaki Hayashi, Nobuaki Mizuguchi, Junichi Ushiba

NeuroImage (Elsevier BV)  222   117249 - 117249 2020.08

Lead author, Accepted,  ISSN  1053-8119

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A variety of neural substrates are implicated in the initiation, coordination, and stabilization of voluntary movements underpinned by adaptive contraction and relaxation of agonist and antagonist muscles. To achieve such flexible and purposeful control of the human body, brain systems exhibit extensive modulation during the transition from resting state to motor execution and to maintain proper joint impedance. However, the neural structures contributing to such sensorimotor control under unconstrained and naturalistic conditions are not fully characterized. To elucidate which brain regions are implicated in generating and coordinating voluntary movements, we employed a physiologically inspired, two-stage method to decode relaxation and three patterns of contraction in unilateral finger muscles (i.e., extension, flexion, and co-contraction) from high-density scalp electroencephalograms (EEG). The decoder consisted of two parts employed in series. The first discriminated between relaxation and contraction. If the EEG data were discriminated as contraction, the second stage then discriminated among the three contraction patterns. Despite the difficulty in dissociating detailed contraction patterns of muscles within a limb from scalp EEG signals, the decoder performance was higher than chance-level by 2-fold in the four-class classification. Moreover, weighted features in the trained decoders revealed EEG features differentially contributing to decoding performance. During the first stage, consistent with previous reports, weighted features were localized around sensorimotor cortex (SM1) contralateral to the activated fingers, while those during the second stage were localized around ipsilateral SM1. The loci of these weighted features suggested that the coordination of unilateral finger muscles induced different signaling patterns in ipsilateral SM1 contributing to motor control. Weighted EEG features enabled a deeper understanding of human sensorimotor processing as well as of a more naturalistic control of brain-computer interfaces.

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