論文 - 山形　与志樹

Urban systems design conceptual framework: Modeling, design, and emergent iterative smart communities

Michael Tobey, Robert Binder, Soowon Chang, Takahiro Yoshida, Yoshiki Yamagata, Perry Yang

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management 798833 2019年

研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）, 共著, 査読有り

Urban systems design case study: Tokyo's Sumida ward

Michael B. Tobey, Robert B. Binder, Takahiro Yoshida, Yoshiki Yamagata

Smart Cities 2 （ 4 ） 453 - 470 2019年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

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Urban systems design applicability case study: Applying urban systems design framework to North Sumida Ward Tokyo

Michael Tobey, Robert Binder, Takahiro Yoshida, Yoshiki Yamagata

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management 798881 2019年

研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）, 共著, 査読有り

Estimating quasi-real-time building energy demand using occupancy information: A case study in Sumida, Tokyo

Takahiro Yoshida, Yoshiki Yamagata, Anna Ebata, Daisuke Murakami, Kanae Matsui

Proceedings of the CIB World Building Congress 2019    130 - 136 2019年

研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）, 共著, 査読有り

Trandformative model of urban buildings optimizing energy demands, solar harvesting potential, and indoor thermal comfort

Soowon Chang, Takahiro Yoshida, Michael Tobey, Yoshiki Yamagata, Perry Yang

Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Applied Energy 0355 2019年

研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）, 共著, 査読有り

The relationships between energy consumption and surface temperature: A combining multiple-scale observations approach

Takahiro Yoshida, Soowon Chang, Daisuke Murakami, Yoshiki Yamagata

Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Applied Energy 0940 2019年

研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）, 共著, 査読有り

Sensitivity of the subspace method for land cover classification

Bagan H., Li H., Yang Y., Takeuchi W., Yamagata Y.

Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science （Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science）  21 （ 3 ） 383 - 389 2018年12月

ISSN  11109823

　概要を見る

The quality of a supervised classification map depends on the quality of the ground reference data and the classification method used. However, training samples for agriculture landscapes are often mixed with noise. Therefore, the classification of agriculture regions using remotely sensed data requires the use of classification methods with good generalization capabilities. In this study, the performance of the subspace method in land cover classification of a complex cropping mix area is explored. Landsat-5 thematic mapper (TM) data were used to classify 12 different land cover classes in the study area, located between Tianjin and Tangshan cities in northern China. We compared the classification maps obtained using the subspace method with those obtained using the self-organizing map neural network (SOM) and maximum likelihood classification (MLC) methods. The results of this comparative study confirm that the subspace method performed better than both the SOM and MLC methods. Furthermore, a comparison of the sensitivity of these methods to the reduction in the training sample size shows that the subspace method has a lower sensitivity to variations in the number of training pixels used than the other two methods. Our results demonstrate the ability of the subspace method to distinguish between different crop types over a large area. Moreover, the subspace method is less sensitive to small training sample sizes than the other two methods.

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Seasonal urban carbon emission estimation using spatial micro Big Data

Yamagata Y., Yoshida T., Murakami D., Matsui T., Akiyama Y.

Sustainability (Switzerland) （Sustainability (Switzerland)）  10 （ 12 ）  2018年11月

　概要を見る

The objective of this study is to map direct and indirect seasonal urban carbon emissions using spatial micro Big Data, regarding building and transportation energy-use activities in Sumida, Tokyo. Building emissions were estimated by considering the number of stories, composition of use (e.g., residence and retail), and other factors associated with individual buildings. Transportation emissions were estimated through dynamic transportation behaviour modelling, which was obtained using person-trip surveys. Spatial seasonal emissions were evaluated and visualized using three-dimensional (3D) mapping. The results suggest the usefulness of spatial micro Big Data for seasonal urban carbon emission mapping; a process which combines both the building and transportation sectors for the first time with 3D mapping, to detect emission hot spots and to support community-level carbon management in the future.

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Analysis of spatiotemporal land cover changes in Inner Mongolia using self-organizing map neural network and grid cells method

Li Z., Bagan H., Yamagata Y.

Science of the Total Environment （Science of the Total Environment）  636   1180 - 1191 2018年09月

ISSN  00489697

　概要を見る

Land use has changed dramatically in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because of rapid economic growth and human disturbances. However, little information is available about the medium- and long-term land use changes in this region. The effects of ecological recovery policies have also been evaluated rarely. In this study, we employed the self-organizing map neural network method to identify the land cover changes in Inner Mongolia between 2000 and 2014. MOD13Q1, Landsat, and DMSP/OLS night-time light data were used as the data resources. The dynamic change map was characterized using the grid cell method. The results showed that urban area of Inner Mongolia increased by more than five times during the 15-year study period, while the mining area also increased. In addition, 35.3% of the farmland was changed into grassland, which may have been caused by the “Grain to Green” policy. The most significant environmental issue in Inner Mongolia is the loss of wetland. >40% of the wetland was converted into other land use types between 2000 and 2014. Grassland increased by 6.05%, but areas of open water and woodland remained about the same. In terms of the geographical distribution, cropland increased in the eastern and middle parts of the region. The transformation from wetland to grassland mainly occurred in the north. Grassland degradation occurred in the west. Thus, environmental policy has resulted in some ecological improvements in Inner Mongolia. However, new environmental problems associated with rapid economic development should be addressed in a timely manner.

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Risk implications of long-term global climate goals: Overall conclusions of the ICA-RUS project

Emori S., Takahashi K., Yamagata Y., Kanae S., Mori S., Fujigaki Y.

Sustainability Science （Sustainability Science）  13 （ 2 ） 279 - 289 2018年03月

ISSN  18624065

　概要を見る

We have assessed the risks associated with setting 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5 °C temperature goals and ways to manage them in a systematic manner and discussed their implications. The results suggest that, given the uncertainties in climate sensitivity, “net zero emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the second half of this century” is a more actionable goal for society than the 2 or 1.5 °C temperature goals themselves. If the climate sensitivity is proven to be relatively high and the temperature goals are not met even when the net zero emission goal is achieved, the options left are: (A) accepting/adapting to a warmer world, (B) boosting mitigation, and (C) climate geoengineering, or any combination of these. This decision should be made based on a deeper discussion of risks associated with each option. We also suggest the need to consider a wider range of policies: not only climate policies, but also broader “sustainability policies”, and to envisage more innovative solutions than what integrated assessment models can currently illustrate. Finally, based on a consideration of social aspects of risk decisions, we recommend the establishment of a panel of “intermediate layer” experts, who support decision-making by citizens as well as social and ethical thinking by policy makers.

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Estimating water–food–ecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2.6)

Yamagata Y., Hanasaki N., Ito A., Kinoshita T., Murakami D., Zhou Q.

Sustainability Science （Sustainability Science）  13 （ 2 ） 301 - 313 2018年03月

ISSN  18624065

　概要を見る

Negative emission technologies such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are regarded as an option to achieve the climatic target of the Paris Agreement. However, our understanding of the realistic sustainable feasibility of the global lands for BECCS remains uncertain. In this study, we assess the impact of BECCS deployment scenarios on the land systems including land use, water resources, and ecosystem services. Specifically, we assess three land-use scenarios to achieve the total amount of 3.3 GtC year (annual negative emission level required for IPCC-RCP 2.6) emission reduction by growing bioenergy crops which requires huge use of global agricultural and forest lands and water. Our study shows that (1) vast conversion of food cropland into rainfed bio-crop cultivation yields a considerable loss of food production that may not be tolerable considering the population increase in the future. (2) When irrigation is applied to bio-crop production, the bioenergy crop productivity is enhanced. This suppresses the necessary area for bio-crop production to half, and saves the land for agricultural productions. However, water consumption is doubled and this may exacerbate global water stress. (3) If conversion of forest land for bioenergy crop cultivation is allowed without protecting the natural forests, large areas of tropical forest could be used for bioenergy crop production. Forest biomass and soil carbon stocks are reduced, implying degradation of the climate regulation and other ecosystem services. These results suggest that without a careful consideration of the land use for bioenergy crop production, a large-scale implementation of BECCS could negatively impact food, water and ecosystem services that are supporting fundamental human sustainability. −1

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Performance-based model for vertical urbanism

Yang P.P.J., Wu Y., Peng Z., Li L., Tobey M., Yamagata Y.

Vertical Urbanism: Designing Compact Cities in China （Vertical Urbanism: Designing Compact Cities in China）     149 - 169 2018年01月

共著,  ISSN  9781138208995

　概要を見る

This chapter investigates a model to integrate performance measure and urban design in the context of a high-density urban environment. The objective of this research is to discuss how performance-based modeling can be used for addressing problems of energy self-sufficiency and thermal comfort in a vertical and complex urban environment, in which increasing density may cause climate and ecological consequences. An urban neighborhood in Misono of Tokyo’s metropolitan region is studied to test the relationship between vertical urban form and energy performance. Benchmarking the performance behind urban form and neighborhood typologies leads to criteria of high performance and low carbon emission. The chapter discusses the policy implications of performance-based urban design and development in the context of the Misono Smart City Project, a site for Tokyo’s 2020 Olympics, and proposes a transformative approach to generate better performance for an energy resilient and sustainable urban future.

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Global negative emission land use scenarios and their ecological implications

Yamagata Y.

Encyclopedia of Ecology （Encyclopedia of Ecology）     96 - 107 2018年01月

単著,  ISSN  9780444641304

　概要を見る

Earth’s atmospheric CO level has increased beyond 400 ppm and still continuing to rise. In fact, this is the highest level in the last 2 million years. It appears we are heading towards an overshoot of CO concentration before stabilizing green house gases (GHGs) to keep global warming below dangerous level. In Paris on December 2015, the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2° celsius above preindustrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5° celsius. Can this level of CO stabilization still be achieved? One core strategies in the mitigation mix are negative emissions technologies (NETs) which are also explicitly described as important options in many IPCC (AR5) CO emission scenarios. Among others, BioEnergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) are shown their potential for CO removable from the atmosphere. BECCS as the NETs are most widely selected by integrated assessment models (IAMs) to meet the requirements of temperature limits of 2° and below. It is based on assumed carbon-neutral bioenergy combined with capture of CO produced by combustion and its subsequent storage in geological or ocean repositories. BECCS is a net transfer of CO from the atmosphere into geological layers. However, its credibility as a climate change mitigation option and their impacts to global and regional ecosystems are still unknown. To explore the ecosystem impacts of the large-scale deployment of negative emission land use scenarios, we review some papers that are analyzing global impacts of the land use scenarios on various factors of ecosystem services to look at the sustainability limits to their global large scale deployments. Ecological services implications of the NETs especially land demanding BECCS land use scenarios need to be addressed before implementing such projects not only for achieving global low carbon target but also achieving more comprehensive ecological sustainabilities to meet the sustainable development goals (SDGs). 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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Urban carbon mapping: Towards a standardized framework

Sharifi A., Wu Y., Khamchiangta D., Yoshida T., Yamagata Y.

Energy Procedia （Energy Procedia）  152   799 - 808 2018年

ISSN  18766102

　概要を見る

Cities are responsible for a large share of global energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Significant reduction of urban energy consumption and CO2 emissions is essential for meeting the ambitious climate stabilization targets. This hinges on having adequate understanding of the patterns and trends of emissions. It is essential to create datasets of cities emissions and utilize mapping techniques to inform planners and decision makers about the dynamics of urban carbon emissions. Due to the openness of cities and issues related to availability and accessibility of urban energy consumption data, this is a challenging task. It is critical to develop consistent methods for mapping emissions. Such methods and frameworks should enable cities to map their emissions with minimum data requirements. They should also be applicable to different cities across the world. As a preliminary effort, this study introduces a framework for synthesizing building and transport energy consumption data with the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) classification system. Drawing on preliminary results from applying the framework to Bangkok, Shanghai, and Tokyo, we explain how this approach can provide opportunities for standardizing urban carbon accounting. The paper concludes with suggestions for improving granularity and accuracy of emissions accounting. The concept of Local Energy Zones (LEZs) is introduced and is suggested to be used as a potentially suitable concept for analysing CO2 emissions dynamics of cities.

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Spatially Explicit Land-Use Modelling for Assessing Climate-Resilient Sustainable Urban Forms

Yamagata Y., Murakami D.

Lecture Notes in Energy （Lecture Notes in Energy）  65   213 - 228 2018年

ISSN  9783319757971

　概要を見る

Climate resiliency is a key topic for cities across the world especially after the Paris Agreement. By combing socio-economic situations, carbon emission reduction, disaster risk management, and other factors determine sustainability of cities, we need to understand trade-offs among these factors. In other words, wise urban systems design are required in cities in the world. Especially in the developed countries like Japan which are expected to experience unprecedented pollution decrease, we need to achieve “wise shrink” of cities that are desirable from multiple viewpoints. With such a background, we introduce our spatially-explicit urban land-use model (SULM) as a tool to analyze the trade-offs among climate resilient sustainability. The SULM is applied to an analysis in the Tokyo metropolitan area to analyze the implications of Business-As-usual (BAU), Compact city, and Wise shrink land use scenarios. SULM could be a useful tool for assessing urban resiliency against climate extreme events for eco-urbanism oriented land forms.

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Resilience-Oriented Urban Planning

Sharifi A., Yamagata Y.

Lecture Notes in Energy （Lecture Notes in Energy）  65   3 - 27 2018年

ISSN  9783319757971

　概要を見る

The concept of resilience is increasingly used in scientific and political discourses on sustainable urban development and urban disaster risk reduction. It has its roots in disciplines such as physics, psychology and ecology and is a relatively new concept in the field of urban planning. This chapter aims to explore the implications of integrating resilience thinking into urban planning. It introduces the concept of resilience-oriented urban planning and discusses how it is distinct from conventional urban planning. Extending the theory of adaptive cycle, it is argued that urban planning should not be considered as a static process. Urban systems are dynamic entities characterized by non-equilibrium dynamics and constantly go through the four phases of ‘exploitation’, ‘conservation’, ‘release’, and ‘reorganization’. Resilience-oriented planning is needed to address dynamics and complexities of urban systems. This chapter provides discussions on paradigm shifts that are needed to integrate resilience thinking into urban planning. These paradigm shifts are discussed in the context of different planning themes, namely, strategy making and visioning, public participation, equity and empowerment, learning from traditional local knowledge, institutional reforms, social networks, sectoral and spatio-temporal dynamics, land use planning, and urban infrastructure. The chapter concludes with some discussions on how these paradigm shifts contribute to integrating principles that underpin the concept of resilience into urban planning and design.

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Resilient Urban Form: A Conceptual Framework

Sharifi A., Yamagata Y.

Lecture Notes in Energy （Lecture Notes in Energy）  65   167 - 179 2018年

ISSN  9783319757971

　概要を見る

Resilience is widely recognized as a pre-requisite for achieving sustainability. Despite the wealth of research on urban resilience, no comprehensive work has been published on the association between urban form and resilience. Form of cities can affect their capacity to survive and thrive in the face of adverse events. Better understanding of the concept of ‘resilient urban form’ and ‘resilient urban form typologies’ is, therefore, essential for achieving more advances in urban resilience. It is essential to elucidate the meaning of ‘resilient urban form’ and explain what issues should be considered to achieve resilient urban morphologies. This chapter elaborates on the concept of ‘resilient urban form’ and introduces a conceptual framework that can be used for its assessment. The conceptual framework emphasizes paying attention to the following issues: ‘resilience of what?’, ‘resilience at what geographic and temporal scale?’, ‘resilience to what’, and ‘resilience for what?’. To answer the first question, various underlying components of urban form should be identified. The issue of ‘resilience at what geographic scale?’ implies that dynamics and interactions across various geographic scales need to be considered. Certain urban form components may be relevant to multiple scales and have different and even opposing affects across different scales. The question of ‘resilience at what temporal scale?’ indicates that, for example, certain urban forms may be desirable when the growth speed of the city is high, but detrimental after it reaches its growth limit. The question of ‘resilience to what?’ is important as certain forms may be favorable in terms of resilience to some hazards but undesirable with respect to others. Finally, elaboration on the question ‘resilience for what?’ helps better understand what specific resilience qualities can be improved through promoting favorable urban forms. The conceptual framework can be utilized to further elucidate the nature of relationships between different components of urban form and resilience of cities. It can also be used to assess resilience of different urban forms across different geographical and temporal scales.

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Mapping building carbon emissions within local climate zones in Shanghai

Wu Y., Sharifi A., Yang P., Borjigin H., Murakami D., Yamagata Y.

Energy Procedia （Energy Procedia）  152   815 - 822 2018年

ISSN  18766102

　概要を見る

The carbon emission pattern of the built environment is closely associated with its morphological and functional structures. Based on the online volunteered geographic information and some publicly available official data sources, this study intends to provide a standardized framework for estimating the indirect building carbon emissions within the boundaries of various types of Local Climate Zones (LCZs), to better forecast the LCZ carbon emission patterns and assist district wide energy management. The whole research is devised into four sequential sections: First, the statistics of energy use intensity of different building uses (including residential and non-residential buildings) are retrieved from official data sources using a down-scaled approach; then a random forest machine learning method is applied to automatically identify building uses based on the training samples; next, a GIS method is developed to delineate the LCZs in Shanghai utilizing calculated urban form and land cover parameters; finally, the building carbon emission values are linked to the LCZs to determine the emission coefficient of different LCZ categories in Shanghai.

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Dynamic carbon mapping with micro-urban simulations towards urban system design of near zero

Takahiro Yoshida, Yoshiki Yamagata, Daisuke Murakami

Proceedings of the Council of Engineering Systems Universities 2018 Global Conference    SU2-1 2018年

研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）, 共著, 査読有り

Resilience-Oriented Urban Planning Theoretical and Empirical Insights Preface

Yamagata Yoshiki, Sharifi Ayyoob

RESILIENCE-ORIENTED URBAN PLANNING: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL INSIGHTS 65   V - VI 2018年

共著,  ISSN  978-3-319-75797-1