研究者詳細 - 岡村　智教

論文 - 岡村　智教

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Serum modified high density lipoprotein levels assessed by a novel assay was associated with coronary artery calcification in an apparently healthy population

Okamura T., Kakino A., Miura K., Fujiyoshi A., Kadota A., Fujita Y., Zaid M., Usami Y., Hisamastu T., Horiuchi S., Kunimura A., Sugiyama D., Kondo K., Sawamura T., Ueshima H.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL 39 4 - 4 2018年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0195-668X

The association of coronary artery calcification progression, albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate among general population

Kadota A., Miura K., Fujiyoshi A., Hisamatsu T., Kadowaki S., Zaid M., Miyagawa N., Kondo K., Kunimura A., Okamura T., Ueshima H.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL 39 895 - 895 2018年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0195-668X

Spreading Awareness of Stroke through School-Based Education: A Pooled Analysis of Three Community-Based Studies

Hino T., Yokota C., Nishimura K., Nakai M., Kato S., Kuwabara K., Takekawa H., Arimizu T., Tomari S., Wada S., Ohnishi H., Toyoda K., Okamura T., Minematsu K.

Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases （Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases） 27 （ 7 ） 1810 - 1814 2018年07月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 10523057

© 2018 National Stroke Association Background: Advancing school-based education is a promising means to spread knowledge pertaining to stroke. The aim of the current study was to clarify whether stroke lessons provided by schoolteachers could deliver stroke knowledge to children (aged 9-11 years) and their parents, at a similar level to when taught by medical staff. Methods: Schoolteachers conducted lessons on stroke for school children using the educational materials we prepared (i.e., the teacher group; 1051 children and 719 parents). This was compared with our previous data from Akashi city and Tochigi prefecture, in which the stroke lessons were conducted by medical staff (i.e., the medical group; 1031 children and 756 parents). Three campaigns were conducted between September 2014 and May 2016. Each child was given education materials to take home to discuss stroke with their parents. The children and their parents answered questionnaires on stroke knowledge, at baseline, immediately after the lesson, and at 3 months after the lesson. Results: Compared with the time point before the lesson, both children and parents instructed by the teacher group showed significant increases in the scores about stroke symptoms and risk factors, immediately and at 3 months after the lesson (P <.001). The combined analysis for the group instructed by medical personnel showed no significant differences in the stroke knowledge scores between the 2 groups at 3 months. Conclusions: Teacher-led lessons, using our educational material, adequately delivered knowledge of stroke to children and parents, in a manner that was similar to when medical staff delivered this information.

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Sex differences in impact of coronary artery calcification to predict coronary artery disease

Nakao Yoko M., Miyamoto Yoshihiro, Higashi Masahiro, Noguchi Teruo, Ohishi Mitsuru, Kubota Isao, Tsutsui Hiroyuki, Kawasaki Tomohiro, Furukawa Yutaka, Yoshimura Michihiro, Morita Hideaki, Nishimura Kunihiro, Kada Akiko, Goto Yoichi, Okamura Tomonori, Tei Chuwa, Tomoike Hitonobu, Naito Hiroaki, Yasuda Satoshi

HEART （Heart） 104 （ 13 ） 1118 - 1124 2018年07月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 1355-6037

© 2018 BMJ Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. Objective to assess sex-specific differences regarding use of conventional risks and coronary artery calcification (cac) to detect coronary artery disease (caD) using coronary ct angiography (ccta). Methods the nationwide gender-specific atherosclerosis Determinants estimation and ischemic cardiovascular Disease Prospective cohort study is a prospective, multicentre, nationwide cohort study. candidates with suspected caD aged 50–74 years enrolled from 2008 to 2012. the outcome was obstructive caD defined as any stenosis ≥50% by ccta. We constructed logistic regression models for obstructive caD adjusted for conventional risks (clinical model) and cac score. improvement in discrimination beyond risks was assessed by c-statistic; net reclassification index (nri) for caD probability of low (<30%), intermediate (30%–60%) and high (≥60%); and risk stratification capacity. results among 991 patients (456 women, 535 men; 65.2 vs 64.4 years old), women had lower cac scores (median, 4 vs 60) and lower caD prevalence (21.7% vs 37.0%) than men. cac significantly improved model discrimination compared with clinical model in both sexes (0.66–0.79 in women vs 0.61–0.83 in men). the nri for women was 0.33, which was much lower than that for men (0.71). adding cac to clinical model had a larger benefit in terms of moving an additional 43.3% of men to the most determinant categories (high or low risk) compared with −1.4% of women. Conclusions the addition of cac to a prediction model based on conventional variables significantly improved the classification of risk in suspected patients with caD, with sex differences influencing the predictive ability.

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THE SERUM HIGH LDL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND LIFETIME RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN A JAPANESE GENERAL POPULATION: SUITA STUDY

Sugiyama Dasuke, Turin Tanvir C., Afzal Arfan R., Rumana Nahid, Wanatabe Makoto, Higashiyama Aya, Takegami Misa, Kokubo Yoshiro, Okamura Tomonori, Miyamoto Yoshihiro

ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPPLEMENTS 32 77 - 77 2018年06月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 1567-5688

Association Between Glycemic Control and Incident Stroke　- Overview From an Epidemiologic Study.

Hirata T, Okamura T

Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 82 （ 6 ） 1499 - 1500 2018年05月

ISSN 1346-9843

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Overweight or underweight and the risk of decline in activities of daily living in a 22-year cohort study of a Japanese sample

Okamoto S., Okamura T., Sugiyama D., Hayakawa T., Nakamura Y., Miyagawa N., Kurita S., Takashima N., Ohkubo T., Kadota A., Fujiyoshi A., Miura K., Okayama A., Ueshima H.

Geriatrics and Gerontology International （Geriatrics and Gerontology International） 18 （ 5 ） 799 - 805 2018年05月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 1444-1586

© 2018 Japan Geriatrics Society Aim: The present study aimed to clarify the association between body mass index (BMI) and the activities of daily living (ADL). Although BMI is likely to be concerned regarding the relationship with specific diseases or mortality, few studies have focused on the relationship of BMI and ADL. Methods: A total of 3353 Japanese participants of a 22-year cohort study from 1990 to 2012 aged 45–74 years at baseline were divided into four groups according to their BMI levels: ≤18.5, 18.5–21.9 (reference), 22.0–24.9 and ≥25.0 kg/m 2 . Outcomes were becoming dependent in ADL (including death after ADL decline) and death without observation of ADL decline as a competing risk. Sex-specific multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out in 2017 to estimate the odds ratios (OR) after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol drinking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and serum albumin. Results: After multivariable adjustment, though the relationship between BMI and risk of ADL decline was U-shaped among women, only those with BMI ≥25.0 showed a higher risk for ADL decline (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.01–1.92) compared with the reference. The OR for death without observation of ADL decline was significantly lower for men with BMI ≥25.0 (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.98). Conclusions: This study suggests being overweight is a good predictor of future decline in ADL for women, whereas men with BMI 22.0–24.9 had lower risks of ADL decline. Appropriate management of weight in older women could prevent disabilities. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 799–805.

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International Comparison of Abdominal Fat Distribution among Four Populations

Kadowaki Sayaka, Miura Katsuyuki, Kadowaki Takashi, Fujiyoshi Akira, El-Saed Aiman, Masaki Kamal H., Okamura Tomonori, Edmundowicz Daniel, Rodriguez Beatriz L., Nakamura Yasuyuki, Barinas-Mitchell Emma J.M., Kadota Aya, Willcox Bradley J., Abbott Robert D., Kuller Lewis H., Choo Jina, Shin Chol, Ueshima Hirotsugu, Sekikawa Akira

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 16 （ 4 ） 166 - 173 2018年05月

ISSN 1540-4196

Background: Abdominal fat distribution varies across groups with different races or environments. Whether environmental factors, apart from racial differences, affect abdominal fat distribution is unknown. Methods: We compared the abdominal fat distribution of four groups; different races with similar environments (Caucasians vs. Japanese Americans), different environments with an identical race (Japanese Americans vs. Japanese), and similar races with similar environments (Japanese vs. Koreans). A population-based sample of 1212 men aged 40-49 were analyzed: 307 Caucasians and 300 Japanese Americans in the United States, 310 Japanese in Japan, and 295 Koreans in Korea. We compared the proportion of visceral adipose tissue area to total abdominal adipose tissue area (VAT%) and other factors that can affect abdominal fat distribution (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity levels, and metabolic factors). Results: VAT% was significantly higher in Japanese and Koreans than in Japanese Americans and Caucasians (50.0, 48.5, 43.2, 41.0%, respectively, P < 0.001). Even after adjustment for possible confounders, the significant VAT% difference remained in comparing groups with identical race but different environments (i.e., Japanese vs. Japanese Americans). In contrast, comparing groups with different races but similar environments (i.e., Caucasians vs. Japanese Americans), VAT% was not significantly different. Comparing groups with similar races and similar environments (i.e., Japanese vs. Koreans), VAT% did not significantly differ. Conclusions: Environmental differences, apart from racial differences, affect the difference in abdominal fat distribution across different groups in middle-aged men.

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Association of extremely high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with cardiovascular mortality in a pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies including 43,407 individuals: The EPOCH–JAPAN study

Hirata A., Sugiyama D., Watanabe M., Tamakoshi A., Iso H., Kotani K., Kiyama M., Yamada M., Ishikawa S., Murakami Y., Miura K., Ueshima H., Okamura T., Okamura T., Imai Y., Ohkubo T., Irie F., Iso H., Kitamura A., Ninomiya T., Kiyohara Y., Miura K., Murakami Y., Nakagawa H., Nakayama T., Okayama A., Sairenchi T., Saitoh S., Sakata K., Tamakoshi A., Tsuji I., Yamada M., Miyamoto Y., Ishikawa S., Yatsuya H.

Journal of Clinical Lipidology （Journal of Clinical Lipidology） 12 （ 3 ） 674 - 684.e5 2018年05月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 19332874

© 2018 National Lipid Association Background: The effect of very high or extremely high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not well described. Although a few recent studies have reported the adverse effects of extremely high levels of HDL-C on CVD events, these did not show a statistically significant association between extremely high levels of HDL-C and cause-specific CVD mortality. In addition, Asian populations have not been studied. Objective: We examine the impact of extremely high levels of HDL-C on cause-specific CVD mortality using pooled data of Japanese cohort studies. Methods: We performed a large-scale pooled analysis of 9 Japanese cohorts including 43,407 participants aged 40–89 years, dividing the participants into 5 groups by HDL-C levels, including extremely high levels of HDL-C ≥2.33 mmol/L (≥90 mg/dL). We estimated the adjusted hazard ratio of each HDL-C category for all-cause death and cause-specific deaths compared with HDL-C 1.04–1.55 mmol/L (40–59 mg/dL) using a cohort-stratified Cox proportional hazards model. Results: During a 12.1-year follow-up, 4995 all-cause deaths and 1280 deaths due to overall CVD were identified. Extremely high levels of HDL-C were significantly associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD mortality (hazard ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.37–4.09 for total) and increased risk for coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. In addition, the risk for extremely high HDL-C was more evident among current drinkers. Conclusion: We showed extremely high levels of HDL-C had an adverse effect on atherosclerotic CVD mortality in a pooled analysis of Japanese cohorts.

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International Comparison of Abdominal Fat Distribution among Four Populations: The ERA-JUMP Study

Kadowaki S., Miura K., Kadowaki T., Fujiyoshi A., El-Saed A., Masaki K., Okamura T., Edmundowicz D., Rodriguez B., Nakamura Y., Barinas-Mitchell E., Kadota A., Willcox B., Abbott R., Kuller L., Choo J., Shin C., Ueshima H., Sekikawa A.

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders （Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders） 16 （ 4 ） 166 - 173 2018年05月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 15404196

© 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Background: Abdominal fat distribution varies across groups with different races or environments. Whether environmental factors, apart from racial differences, affect abdominal fat distribution is unknown. Methods: We compared the abdominal fat distribution of four groups; different races with similar environments (Caucasians vs. Japanese Americans), different environments with an identical race (Japanese Americans vs. Japanese), and similar races with similar environments (Japanese vs. Koreans). A population-based sample of 1212 men aged 40-49 were analyzed: 307 Caucasians and 300 Japanese Americans in the United States, 310 Japanese in Japan, and 295 Koreans in Korea. We compared the proportion of visceral adipose tissue area to total abdominal adipose tissue area (VAT%) and other factors that can affect abdominal fat distribution (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity levels, and metabolic factors). Results: VAT% was significantly higher in Japanese and Koreans than in Japanese Americans and Caucasians (50.0, 48.5, 43.2, 41.0%, respectively, P < 0.001). Even after adjustment for possible confounders, the significant VAT% difference remained in comparing groups with identical race but different environments (i.e., Japanese vs. Japanese Americans). In contrast, comparing groups with different races but similar environments (i.e., Caucasians vs. Japanese Americans), VAT% was not significantly different. Comparing groups with similar races and similar environments (i.e., Japanese vs. Koreans), VAT% did not significantly differ. Conclusions: Environmental differences, apart from racial differences, affect the difference in abdominal fat distribution across different groups in middle-aged men.

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Data on alcohol consumption and coronary artery calcification among asymptomatic middle-aged men for the ERA-JUMP study

Mahajan H., Choo J., Masaki K., Fujiyoshi A., Guo J., Hisamatsu T., Evans R., Shangguan S., Willcox B., Okamura T., Vishnu A., Barinas-Mitchell E., Ahuja V., Miura K., Kuller L., Shin C., Ueshima H., Sekikawa A.

Data in Brief （Data in Brief） 17 1091 - 1098 2018年04月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 2352-3409

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Heterogeneity of Absolute/Relative Measures of Cardiovascular Mortality Among Cohorts in an Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis: An EPOCH-JAPAN Study

Murakami Yoshitaka, Okamura Tomonori, Miura Katsuyuki, Ueshima Hirotsugu

CIRCULATION 137 2018年03月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0009-7322

Trajectories of Stroke Risk Factors Before Stroke Onset With a 24-year Follow-up of Japanese People Living in an Urban Area: The Suita Study

Ogata Soshiro, Nakamura Fumiaki, Nishimura Kunihiro, Watanabe Makoto, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Higashiyama Aya, Takegami Misa, Nakao Yoko M., Nakai Michikazu, Okamura Tomonori, Miyamoto Yoshihiro

CIRCULATION 137 2018年03月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0009-7322

Left Atrial Dilatation Predicts The Incidence Of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation In Japanese General Population; The Suita Study

Higashiyama Aya, Watanabe Makoto, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Okamura Tomonori, Okayama Akira, Miyamoto Yoshihiro

CIRCULATION 137 2018年03月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0009-7322

Cardiovascular risk and blood pressure lowering treatment among elderly individuals

Asayama Kei, Ohkubo Takayoshi, Satoh Atsushi, Tanaka Sachiko, Higashiyama Aya, Murakami Yoshitaka, Yamada Michiko, Saitoh Shigeyuki, Okayama Akira, Miura Katsuyuki, Ueshima Hirotsugu, Miyamoto Yoshihiro, Okamura Tomonori

Journal of Hypertension 36 （ 2 ） 410 - 418 2018年02月

ISSN 0263-6352

Objective: There is little evidence to support an increased risk of blood pressure (BP) elevation among elderly individuals receiving antihypertensive drug treatment. Methods: To clarify the impact on BP level and residual cardiovascular risk in treated elderly individuals, we analysed individual participant data of 26 133 residents aged 60-89 years from seven Japanese general populations and cross-classified participants by age category, 60-74 (young-old) versus 75-89 years (old-old), and by usage of antihypertensive medication at baseline survey (1980-1995). Results: During a median follow-up period of 12.7 years, 2451 cardiovascular deaths were observed. Multivariable-Adjusted hazard ratios of cardiovascular mortality in treated participants compared with untreated participants were 1.30 [95% confidence intervals, 1.16-1.46) and 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.56) in young-old and old-old participants, respectively. Irrespective of antihypertensive medication, the risk increase of total cardiovascular and stroke mortality with elevation of BP was significant among young-old (P ≤ 0.0013), but not significant among old-old participants (P ≥ 0.061). Conclusion: Although impact on BP was more evident among young-old than old-old individuals, clinicians who prescribe antihypertensive medication to elderly patients should consider that such patients require further monitoring.

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Cardiovascular risk and blood pressure lowering treatment among elderly individuals: Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention from Observational Cohorts in Japan

Asayama K., Ohkubo T., Satoh A., Tanaka S., Higashiyama A., Murakami Y., Yamada M., Saitoh S., Okayama A., Miura K., Ueshima H., Miyamoto Y., Okamura T.

Journal of Hypertension （Journal of Hypertension） 36 （ 2 ） 410 - 418 2018年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 02636352

© 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Objective: There is little evidence to support an increased risk of blood pressure (BP) elevation among elderly individuals receiving antihypertensive drug treatment. Methods: To clarify the impact on BP level and residual cardiovascular risk in treated elderly individuals, we analysed individual participant data of 26 133 residents aged 60-89 years from seven Japanese general populations and cross-classified participants by age category, 60-74 (young-old) versus 75-89 years (old-old), and by usage of antihypertensive medication at baseline survey (1980-1995). Results: During a median follow-up period of 12.7 years, 2451 cardiovascular deaths were observed. Multivariable-Adjusted hazard ratios of cardiovascular mortality in treated participants compared with untreated participants were 1.30 [95% confidence intervals, 1.16-1.46) and 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.56) in young-old and old-old participants, respectively. Irrespective of antihypertensive medication, the risk increase of total cardiovascular and stroke mortality with elevation of BP was significant among young-old (P ≤ 0.0013), but not significant among old-old participants (P ≥ 0.061). Conclusion: Although impact on BP was more evident among young-old than old-old individuals, clinicians who prescribe antihypertensive medication to elderly patients should consider that such patients require further monitoring.

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Association of extremely high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with cardiovascular mortality in a pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies including 43,407 individuals

Hirata Aya, Sugiyama Daisuke, Watanabe Makoto, Tamakoshi Akiko, Iso Hiroyasu, Kotani Kazuhiko, Kiyama Masahiko, Yamada Michiko, Ishikawa Shizukiyo, Murakami Yoshitaka, Miura Katsuyuki, Ueshima Hirotsugu, Okamura Tomonori

Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2018年01月

ISSN 1933-2874

Background: The effect of very high or extremely high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not well described. Although a few recent studies have reported the adverse effects of extremely high levels of HDL-C on CVD events, these did not show a statistically significant association between extremely high levels of HDL-C and cause-specific CVD mortality. In addition, Asian populations have not been studied. Objective: We examine the impact of extremely high levels of HDL-C on cause-specific CVD mortality using pooled data of Japanese cohort studies. Methods: We performed a large-scale pooled analysis of 9 Japanese cohorts including 43,407 participants aged 40-89 years, dividing the participants into 5 groups by HDL-C levels, including extremely high levels of HDL-C ≥2.33 mmol/L (≥90 mg/dL). We estimated the adjusted hazard ratio of each HDL-C category for all-cause death and cause-specific deaths compared with HDL-C 1.04-1.55 mmol/L (40-59 mg/dL) using a cohort-stratified Cox proportional hazards model. Results: During a 12.1-year follow-up, 4995 all-cause deaths and 1280 deaths due to overall CVD were identified. Extremely high levels of HDL-C were significantly associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD mortality (hazard ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.37-4.09 for total) and increased risk for coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. In addition, the risk for extremely high HDL-C was more evident among current drinkers. Conclusion: We showed extremely high levels of HDL-C had an adverse effect on atherosclerotic CVD mortality in a pooled analysis of Japanese cohorts.

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Association between glycemic control and incident stroke ― Overview from an epidemiologic study

Hirata Takumi, Okamura Tomonori

Circulation Journal 82 （ 6 ） 1499 - 1500 2018年01月

ISSN 1346-9843

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Association between impairment of salty taste recognition and masked hypertension based on home blood pressure in Japanese residents

Kubota Yoshimi, Higashiyama Aya, Sugiyama Daisuke, Nishida Yoko, Kubo Sachimi, Hirata Takumi, Kadota Aya, Miyamatsu Naomi, Wakabayashi Ichiro, Miyamoto Yoshihiro, Okamura Tomonori

Hypertension Research 2018年01月

ISSN 0916-9636

Excessive salt intake is an established risk factor for hypertension. We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the association between salty taste recognition and estimated salt intake and masked hypertension in a healthy Japanese normotensive population. The participants were 892 apparently healthy community residents (246 men and 646 women) aged between 40 and 74 years with blood pressure below 140/90 mm Hg. Salty taste recognition was assessed using a salt-impregnated taste strip. Daily salt intake was calculated as estimated 24 h urinary sodium excretion using spot urine tests. Each participant performed home blood pressure measurements for a minimum of 5 days per week. The participants were classified into three groups according to their salty taste recognition threshold evaluated by the salt concentrations of the taste strips (0.6%, 0.8%, and ≥ 1.0%). In women, the multivariate odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for masked hypertension (≥ 135/85 mm Hg) was 2.98 (1.16–7.64) in the ≥ 1.0% group compared with that in the 0.6% group. In men, the proportion of masked hypertension in the ≥ 1.0% group did not differ from that in the 0.6% group, and no correlation was identified between estimated daily salt intake and the salty taste recognition threshold. In conclusion, impairment of salty taste recognition was associated with masked hypertension in women even with normal blood pressure in the clinical setting.

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Association of alcohol consumption and aortic calcification in healthy men aged 40–49 years for the ERA JUMP Study

Atherosclerosis （Atherosclerosis） 268 84 - 91 2018年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0021-9150

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Background and aims Several studies have reported a significant inverse association of light to moderate alcohol consumption with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, studies assessing the relationship between alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis have reported inconsistent results. The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and aortic calcification. Methods We addressed the research question using data from the population-based ERA-JUMP Study, comprising of 1006 healthy men aged 40–49 years, without clinical cardiovascular diseases, from four race/ethnicities: 301 Whites, 103 African American, 292 Japanese American, and 310 Japanese in Japan. Aortic calcification was assessed by electron-beam computed tomography and quantified using the Agatston method. Alcohol consumption was categorized into four groups: 0 (non-drinkers), ≤1 (light drinkers), >1 to ≤3 (moderate drinkers) and >3 drinks per day (heavy drinkers) (1 drink = 12.5 g of ethanol). Tobit conditional regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to investigate the association of alcohol consumption with aortic calcification after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and potential confounders. Results The study participants consisted of 25.6% nondrinkers, 35.3% light drinkers, 23.5% moderate drinkers, and 15.6% heavy drinkers. Heavy drinkers [Tobit ratio (95% CI) = 2.34 (1.10, 4.97); odds ratio (95% CI) = 1.67 (1.11, 2.52)] had significantly higher expected aortic calcification score compared to nondrinkers, after adjusting for socio-demographic and confounding variables. There was no significant interaction between alcohol consumption and race/ethnicity on aortic calcification. Conclusions Our findings suggest that heavy alcohol consumption may be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.

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