研究者詳細 - 野田　賀大

論文 - 野田　賀大

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Neurophysiological biomarkers using transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mimura Y., Nishida H., Nakajima S., Tsugawa S., Morita S., Yoshida K., Tarumi R., Ogyu K., Wada M., Kurose S., Miyazaki T., Blumberger D.M., Daskalakis Z.J., Chen R., Mimura M., Noda Y.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews （Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews） 121 47 - 59 2021年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 01497634

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurophysiological tool that enables the investigation of cortical excitability in the human brain. Paired-pulse TMS paradigms include short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI/LICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), which can assess neurophysiological functions of GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neural circuits, respectively. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to compare these TMS indices among patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls (HC). Our meta-analyses indicated that RMT, SAI, SICI, and LICI were significantly lower in patients with AD, while ICF did not show a difference in patients with AD compared with HC. In patients with MCI, RMT and SAI were significantly lower than in HC. In conclusion, motor cortical excitability was increased, while cholinergic function was decreased in AD and MCI in comparison with HC and patients with AD had decreased GABAergic and glutamatergic functions compared with HC. Our results warrant further studies to differentiate AD, MCI, and HC, employing multimodal TMS neurophysiology.

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Potential neurophysiological mechanisms of 1hz-tms to the right prefrontal cortex for depression: An exploratory tms-eeg study in healthy participants

Noda Y.

Journal of Personalized Medicine （Journal of Personalized Medicine） 11 （ 2 ） 1 - 13 2021年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 単著, 査読有り, ISSN 2075-4426

Background: The present study aimed to examine the acute neurophysiological effects of 1Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) administered to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in healthy participants. Methods: TMS combined with simultaneous electroen-cephalography (EEG) recording was conducted for 21 healthy participants. For the right DLPFC, 1Hz-TMS (100 pulses/block × 17 sessions) was applied in the resting-state, while for the left DLPFC, 1Hz-TMS (100 pulses/block × 2 sessions) was administered during the verbal fluency tasks (VFTs). For TMS-EEG data, independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to extract TMS-evoked EEG potentials to calculate TMS-related power as well as TMS-related coherence from the F4 and F3 electrode sites during the resting-state and VFTs. Results: TMS-related power was significantly increased in alpha, beta, and gamma bands by 1Hz-TMS at the stimulation site during the resting-state, while TMS-related power was significantly increased in alpha and beta bands but not in the gamma band during the VFTs. On the other hand, TMS-related coherence in alpha and beta bands significantly increased but not in gamma band by 1Hz-TMS that was administered to the right DLPFC in resting-state, whereas there were no significant changes in coherence for all frequency bands by 1Hz-TMS that applied to the left DLPFC during the VFTs. Conclusions: Collectively, 1Hz-repetitive TMS (rTMS) to the right DLPFC may rapidly neuromodulate EEG activity, which might be associated with a therapeutic mechanism for depression.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation neurophysiology of patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kinjo M., Wada M., Nakajima S., Tsugawa S., Nakahara T., Blumberger D.M., Mimura M., Noda Y.

Psychological Medicine （Psychological Medicine） 51 （ 1 ） 1 - 10 2021年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 00332917

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental illness with high socio-economic burden, but its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. Recently, the cortical excitatory and inhibitory imbalance hypothesis and neuroplasticity hypothesis have been proposed for MDD. Although several studies have examined the neurophysiological profiles in MDD using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a meta-analysis of TMS neurophysiology has not been performed. The objective of this study was to compare TMS-electromyogram (TMS-EMG) findings between patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs). To this end, we examined whether patients with MDD have lower short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) which reflects gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor-mediated activity, lower cortical silent period (CSP) which represents GABAB receptor-mediated activity, higher intracortical facilitation (ICF) which reflects glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated activity, and the lower result of paired associative stimulation (PAS) paradigm which shows the level of neuroplasticity in comparison with HC. Further, we explored the effect of clinical and demographic factors that may influence TMS neurophysiological indices. We first searched and identified research articles that conducted single- or paired-pulse TMS-EMG on patients with MDD and HC. Subsequently, we extracted the data from the included studies and meta-analyzed the data with the comprehensive meta-analysis software. Patients with MDD were associated with lower SICI, lower CSP, potentially higher ICF, and lower PAS compared with HC. Our results confirmed the proposed hypotheses, suggesting the usefulness of TMS neurophysiology as potential diagnostic markers of MDD.

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Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked potential amplitudes and latencies in the motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex among young, older healthy participants, and schizophrenia patients

Noda Y., Barr M.S., Zomorrodi R., Cash R.F.H., Lioumis P., Chen R., Daskalakis Z.J., Blumberger D.M.

Journal of Personalized Medicine （Journal of Personalized Medicine） 11 （ 1 ） 1 - 12 2021年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 2075-4426

Background: The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroen-cephalography (EEG) allows for non-invasive investigation of cortical response and connectivity in human cortex. This study aimed to examine the amplitudes and latencies of each TMS-evoked potential (TEP) component induced by single-pulse TMS (spTMS) to the left motor (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) among healthy young participants (YNG), older participants (OLD), and patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). Methods: We compared the spatiotemporal characteristics of TEPs induced by spTMS among the groups. Results: Compared to YNG, M1-spTMS induced lower amplitudes of N45 and P180 in OLD and a lower amplitude of P180 in SCZ, whereas the DLPFC-spTMS induced a lower N45 in OLD. Further, OLD demonstrated latency delays in P60 after M1-spTMS and in N45-P60 over the right central region after left DLPFC-spTMS, whereas SCZ demonstrated latency delays in N45-P60 over the midline and right central regions after DLPFC-spTMS. Conclusions: These findings suggest that inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms mediating TEPs may be altered in OLD and SCZ. The amplitude and latency changes of TEPs with spTMS may reflect underlying neurophysiological changes in OLD and SCZ, respectively. The spTMS administered to M1 and the DLPFC can probe cortical functions by examining TEPs. Thus, TMS-EEG can be used to study changes in cortical connectivity and signal propagation from healthy to pathological brains.

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Dimensional distribution of cortical abnormality across antipsychotics treatment-resistant and responsive schizophrenia

Itahashi T., Noda Y., Iwata Y., Tarumi R., Tsugawa S., Plitman E., Honda S., Caravaggio F., Kim J., Matsushita K., Gerretsen P., Uchida H., Remington G., Mimura M., Aoki Y.Y., Graff-Guerrero A., Nakajima S.

NeuroImage: Clinical （NeuroImage: Clinical） 32 102852 - 102852 2021年01月

査読有り

Background: One-third of patients with schizophrenia are treatment-resistant to non-clozapine antipsychotics (TRS), while the rest respond (NTRS). Examining whether TRS and NTRS represent different pathophysiologies is an important step toward precision medicine. Methods: Focusing on cortical thickness (CT), we analyzed international multi-site cross-sectional datasets of magnetic resonance imaging comprising 110 patients with schizophrenia (NTRS = 46, TRS = 64) and 52 healthy controls (HCs). We utilized a logistic regression with L1-norm regularization to find brain regions related to either NTRS or TRS. We conducted nested 10-fold cross-validation and computed the accuracy and area under the curve (AUC). Then, we applied the NTRS classifier to patients with TRS, and vice versa. Results: Patients with NTRS and TRS were classified from HCs with 65% and 78% accuracies and with the AUC of 0.69 and 0.85 (p = 0.014 and < 0.001, corrected), respectively. The left planum temporale (PT) and left anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) contributed to both NTRS and TRS classifiers. The left supramarginal gyrus only contributed to NTRS and right superior temporal sulcus and right lateral orbitofrontal cortex only to the TRS. The NTRS classifiers successfully distinguished those with TRS from HCs with the AUC of 0.78 (p < 0.001), while the TRS classifiers classified those with NTRS from HCs with the AUC of 0.69 (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Both NTRS and TRS could be distinguished from HCs on the basis of CT. The CT pathological basis of NTRS and TRS has commonalities, and TRS presents unique CT features.

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Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurodevelopment: a narrative review

Y Noda

Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 429-436 2021年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 査読有り

The Potential Impact of Age on the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Major Depressive Disorders: A Prospective Observational Study

K Miyaho, K Sanada, S Kurokawa, A Tanaka, Y Noda, S Nakajima, ...

Biological Psychiatry 89 (9), S341 （Elsevier BV） 89 （ 9 ） S341 - S341 2021年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 査読有り, ISSN 0006-3223

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Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked potential amplitudes and latencies in the motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex among young, older healthy participants …

Y Noda, MS Barr, R Zomorrodi, RFH Cash, P Lioumis, R Chen, ...

Journal of personalized medicine 11 (1), 54 2021年

Glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolite levels in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies

T Nakahara, S Tsugawa, Y Noda, F Ueno, S Honda, M Kinjo, H Segawa, ...

Molecular psychiatry, 1-14 2021年

Gaba Alteration in Patients With Ultra-Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A 1H-MRS Study

S Nakajima, F Ueno, Y Iwata, S Honda, J Kim, F Caravaggio, E Brown, ...

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 46 (SUPPL 1), 385-385 2021年

Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Neuromodulation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Y Noda

Journal of Personalized Medicine 11 (11), 1193 2021年

A randomized sham controlled comparison of once vs twice-daily intermittent theta burst stimulation in depression: A Canadian rTMS treatment and biomarker network in depression …

DM Blumberger, F Vila-Rodriguez, W Wang, Y Knyahnytska, M Butterfield, ...

Brain Stimulation 14 (6), 1447-1455 2021年

Increased blood COASY DNA methylation levels a potential biomarker for early pathology of Alzheimer’s disease

Kobayashi N., Shinagawa S., Niimura H., Kida H., Nagata T., Tagai K., Shimada K., Oka N., Shikimoto R., Noda Y., Nakajima S., Mimura M., Shigeta M., Kondo K.

Scientific Reports （Scientific Reports） 10 （ 1 ） 12217 - 12217 2020年12月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Early diagnosis of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an urgent medical and welfare issue. However, to date, no simple biometrics have been available. We reported that blood DNA methylation levels of the COASY gene, which encodes coenzyme A synthase, were increased in individuals with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The present study sought to replicate these findings with larger numbers of samples. Another objective was to clarify whether COASY methylation is associated with neurodegeneration through a comparison of AD, AD with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and vascular dementia (VaD). We measured blood COASY methylation levels in normal controls (NCs) (n = 200), and individuals with aMCI (n = 22), AD (n = 151), and VaD (n = 21). Compared with NCs, they were significantly higher in individuals with aMCI and AD. Further, they were significantly higher in AD patients without cardiovascular diseases compared to AD patients with them. These findings suggest that COASY methylation levels may be related to neurodegeneration in AD.

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Resting-state isolated effective connectivity of the cingulate cortex as a neurophysiological biomarker in patients with severe treatment-resistant schizophrenia

Wada M., Nakajima S., Tarumi R., Masuda F., Miyazaki T., Tsugawa S., Ogyu K., Honda S., Matsushita K., Kikuchi Y., Fujii S., Blumberger D.M., Daskalakis Z.J., Mimura M., Noda Y.

Journal of Personalized Medicine （Journal of Personalized Medicine） 10 （ 3 ） 1 - 12 2020年09月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Background: The neural basis of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) remains unclear. Previous neuroimaging studies suggest that aberrant connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and default mode network (DMN) may play a key role in the pathophysiology of TRS. Thus, we aimed to examine the connectivity between the ACC and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a hub of the DMN, computing isolated effective coherence (iCoh), which represents causal effective connectivity. Methods: Resting-state electroencephalogram with 19 channels was acquired from seventeen patients with TRS and thirty patients with non-TRS (nTRS). The iCoh values between the PCC and ACC were calculated using sLORETA software. We conducted four-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) for iCoh values with group as a between-subject factor and frequency, directionality, and laterality as within-subject factors and post-hoc independent t-tests. Results: The ANOVA and post-hoc t-tests for the iCoh ratio of directionality from PCC to ACC showed significant findings in delta (t45 = 7.659, p = 0.008) and theta (t45 = 8.066, p = 0.007) bands in the left side (TRS < nTRS). Conclusion: Left delta and theta PCC and ACC iCoh ratio may represent a neurophysiological basis of TRS. Given the preliminary nature of this study, these results warrant further study to confirm the importance of iCoh as a clinical indicator for treatment-resistance.

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White matter microstructural organizations in patients with severe treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study

Ochi R., Noda Y., Tsuchimoto S., Tarumi R., Honda S., Matsushita K., Tsugawa S., Plitman E., Masuda F., Ogyu K., Wada M., Miyazaki T., Fujii S., Chakravarty M., Graff-Guerrero A., Uchida H., Mimura M., Nakajima S.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry （Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry） 100 109871 - 109871 2020年06月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 02785846

© 2020 Elsevier Inc. Previous diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have reported white matter alterations in patients with schizophrenia. Notably, one third of this population does not respond to first-line antipsychotics and is thus referred to as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Despite potentially distinct neural bases between TRS and non-TRS, few studies have compared white matter integrity between these groups. In order to reflect clinical picture of TRS, we enrolled TRS patients who had severe symptoms. According to the consensus criteria for TRS. TRS was defined by severe positive symptomatology despite optimal antipsychotic treatment. Fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of white matter integrity, was examined by DTI and analyzed with tract-based spatial statistics in 24 TRS patients (mean PANSS = 108.9), 28 non-TRS patients (mean PANSS = 50.0), and 27 healthy controls (HCs) for group comparison. Additionally, correlation analyses were conducted between FA values and symptomatology. The TRS group had lower FA values in multiple tracts (cerebral peduncle, corona radiata, corpus callosum, external and internal capsules, posterior thalamic radiation, sagittal stratum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, tapetum, and uncinate fasciculus) compared to the HC group as well as the non-TRS group (p <.05; family-wise error-corrected), while no differences were found between the non-TRS and HC groups. In the TRS group, FA values in most of the tracts (other than the left anterior limb of internal capsule, left cerebral peduncle, and right uncinate fasciculus) were negatively correlated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores, and negative and general symptom scores. No such relationships were found in the non-TRS group. The identified white matter integrity deficits may reflect the pathophysiology of TRS.

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Neural correlates of delay discount alterations in addiction and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies

Noda Y., Barr M., ElSalhy M., Masuda F., Tarumi R., Ogyu K., Wada M., Tsugawa S., Miyazaki T., Nakajima S., Mimura M.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry （Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry） 99 109822 - 109822 2020年04月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 02785846

© 2019 Elsevier Inc. Delay discounting (DD) represents decreased subjective value for delayed reward relative to the same reward at present. The concept of DD has been applied for pathophysiology of addiction and psychiatric disorders. However, the detailed neuroimaging correlates of DD underlying pathophysiology still remain unclear. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to investigate neural correlates of DD on magnetic resonance imaging studies among addiction and psychiatric disorders. Specific search terms were set on PubMed to identify relevant articles. Initial search identified 551 records and 31 studies met the inclusion criteria. The present review revealed that greater DD was correlated with increased activity in areas related to reward evaluation and prediction as well as decreased activity in areas related to cognitive control. Healthy controls showed smaller changes in activities of these areas associated with DD when compared to patient groups. As the neural basis related to DD, three neural networks have been proposed that are associated with the actions of short-term interests and long-term benefits. Among the three potential neural networks on DD, the first one included the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum and implicated in evaluating reward values, the second network included the anterior cingulate cortex and linked to cognitive control, and the third network included the middle temporal gyrus and was involved in predictions and affection. This review generated consistent findings on the neural basis of DD among patients with addiction and psychiatric disorders, which may represent the pathophysiology related to DD and impulsivity of mental illness.

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Pharmacological management of behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Nagata T, Shinagawa S, Nakajima S, Noda Y, Mimura M

Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy （Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy） 21 （ 9 ） 1 - 10 2020年04月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 1465-6566

© 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) inevitably occur during the course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) including psychosis, aggression, and depression. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for NPS has been limited because of their lack of efficacy, discontinuation due to undesirable adverse events, or poor adherence. In recent consensus guidelines, non-pharmacological treatments for NPS have been prioritized as first-line management strategies. Pharmacological treatments for severe NPS should be administrated as a second-line approach, and have been suggested to be started at a lower dosage followed by titration to a minimum effective dosage and for a limited time period. However, recent studies have shown that some patients receiving pharmacological treatments do not exhibit treatment efficacy in comparison with placebo. The concurrence of several sub-symptoms in NPS makes it difficult to target one symptom exclusively. Therefore, the current review focuses on a strategy for such refractory NPS in patients with AD. Recent randomized controlled trials have shown that the severity of NPS gradually reduces in a time-dependent manner regardless of active treatments. Therefore, clinicians should consider potential causes of NPS sub-symptoms from multifactorial aspects and select alternative treatments (e.g. neuromodulation or relocation into specialized care units) during the long-term disease course.

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Gut microbiota and majore depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sanada K., Nakajima S., Kurokawa S., Barceló-Soler A., Ikuse D., Hirata A., Yoshizawa A., Tomizawa Y., Salas-Valero M., Noda Y., Mimura M., Iwanami A., Kishimoto T.

Journal of Affective Disorders （Journal of Affective Disorders） 266 1 - 13 2020年04月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 01650327

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Background: Growing attention has been paid to the field of gut microbiota for mental disorders over the last decade. However, to our knowledge, no studies have conducted systematic reviews on the association between gut microbiota and major depressive disorder (MDD) in both interventional and non-interventional studies. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies (10 observational [701 participants] and six interventional trials [302 participants]) examining gut microbiota in patients with MDD. The primary outcome measures were differences in the profile of microbiota inthe observational studies, and symptom changes for depression between pre- and post-intervention with probiotics in the interventional trials. Results: In the observational studies, significant reductions in several taxa at the family and genus levels were observed in patients with MDD compared to non-depressed controls. In the interventional studies with probiotics, a significant improvement was found in depressive symptomatology compared to controls (SMD = .-1.62, 95% CI = .-2.73 to -0.51, p< 0.01). Limitations: Lack of consideration of the effects of diet and pharmacotherapy was a possible limitation. Conclusions: Our results indicate that several taxa at the family and genus levels, specifically family Prevotellaceae, genus Coprococcus,and Faecalibacterium, were decreased in MDD compared to non-depressed controls in observational studies, and depressive symptoms were improved compared to controls in interventional studies with probiotics. Due to the limited number of studies, further studies considering diet and pharmacotherapy are needed to explore the relationships between gut microbiota and MDD in humans.

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Early Improvements of Individual Symptoms With Antipsychotics Predict Subsequent Treatment Response of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease: A Re-Analysis of the CATIE-AD Study.

Nagata T, Shinagawa S, Yoshida K, Noda Y, Shigeta M, Mimura M, Nakajima S

The Journal of clinical psychiatry （The Journal of clinical psychiatry） 81 （ 2 ） 2020年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 0160-6689

© Copyright 2020 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify individual symptoms whose early improvements contributed to subsequent treatment response to antipsychotics for neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using the dataset of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease (CATIE-AD). METHODS: The CATIE-AD study was conducted between April 2001 and November 2004 at 45 sites in the United States. Data for 421 patients with DSM-IV AD with NPSs treated with antipsychotics were analyzed in the present study. Treatment response was defined as a reduction of ≥ 9 points in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score or a reduction of ≥ 25% from baseline in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) total score at week 8. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between response and clinical and demographic characteristics, including each total or individual symptom score reduction at week 2. RESULTS: Reduction in NPI or BPRS total score at week 2 and several individual symptom score reductions (euphoria/elation, irritability, hallucinations, anxiety, agitation, apathy, disinhibition, and depression among NPI subitems; excitement, suspiciousness, disorientation, hostility, depressive mood, and emotional withdrawal among BPRS subitems) at week 2 were significantly associated with subsequent treatment response at week 8 (all P values < .05); Early non-improvements of irritability and suspiciousness were shown to be especially influential clinical markers in predicting subsequent treatment nonresponse. Furthermore, healthier condition at baseline was significantly associated with treatment response at week 8 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Although further research to validate these preliminary findings is needed, focusing on early improvements of individual symptoms could help identify subsequent treatment responders to antipsychotics in AD patients with NPSs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00015548.

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Toward the establishment of neurophysiological indicators for neuropsychiatric disorders using transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked potentials: A systematic review

Noda Y.

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences （Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences） 74 （ 1 ） 12 - 34 2020年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 単著, 査読有り, ISSN 13231316

© 2019 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2019 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can depolarize the neurons directly under the coil when applied to the cerebral cortex, and modulate the neural circuit associated with the stimulation site, which makes it possible to measure the neurophysiological index to evaluate excitability and inhibitory functions. Concurrent TMS and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) has been developed to assess the neurophysiological characteristics of cortical regions other than the motor cortical region noninvasively. The aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss TMS-EEG research in the healthy brain focused on excitability, inhibition, and plasticity following neuromodulatory TMS paradigms from a neurophysiological perspective. A search was conducted in PubMed to identify articles that examined humans and that were written in English and published by September 2018. The search terms were as follows: (TMS OR ‘transcranial magnetic stimulation’) AND (EEG OR electroencephalog*) NOT (rTMS OR ‘repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation’ OR TBS OR ‘theta burst stimulation’) AND (healthy). The study presents an overview of TMS-EEG methodology and neurophysiological indices and reviews previous findings from TMS-EEG in healthy individuals. Furthermore, this review discusses the potential application of TMS-EEG neurophysiology in the clinical setting to study healthy and diseased brain conditions in the future. Combined TMS-EEG is a powerful tool to probe and map neural circuits in the human brain noninvasively and represents a promising approach for determining the underlying pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.

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野田 賀大

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野田　賀大

論文 - 野田　賀大