論文 - 北　洋輔

Face recognition in patients with autism spectrum disorders

Yosuke Kita, Masumi Inagaki

Brain and Nerve 64 （ 7 ） 821 - 830 2012年07月

査読有り,  ISSN  1881-6096

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The present study aimed to review previous research conducted on face recognition in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Face recognition is a key question in the ASD research field because it can provide clues for elucidating the neural substrates responsible for the social impairment of these patients. Historically, behavioral studies have reported low performance and/or unique strategies of face recognition among ASD patients. However, the performance and strategy of ASD patients is comparable to those of the control group, depending on the experimental situation or developmental stage, suggesting that face recognition of ASD patients is not entirely impaired. Recent brain function studies, including event-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, have investigated the cognitive process of face recognition in ASD patients, and revealed impaired function in the brain's neural network comprising the fusiform gyrus and amygdala. This impaired function is potentially involved in the diminished preference for faces, and in the atypical development of face recognition, eliciting symptoms of unstable behavioral characteristics in these patients. Additionally, face recognition in ASD patients is examined from a different perspective, namely self-face recognition, and facial emotion recognition. While the former topic is intimately linked to basic social abilities such as self-other discrimination, the latter is closely associated with mentalizing. Further research on face recognition in ASD patients should investigate the connection between behavioral and neurological specifics in these patients, by considering developmental changes and the spectrum clinical condition of ASD.

二次元尺度化による行動解析を用いた発達障害児におけるソーシャルスキルトレーニングの有効性評価

佐久間隆介, 軍司敦子, 後藤隆章, 北洋輔, 小池敏英, 加我牧子, 稲垣真澄

脳と発達 （一般社団法人 日本小児神経学会）  44 （ 4 ） 320 - 326 2012年

査読有り,  ISSN  0029-0831

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コミュニケーション行動の習得にともなう行動変化の客観的な定量評価を目指し, 従来の行動観察法に加えて, 児の頭部方向を二次元平面上に展開する行動解析を行った. 発達障害児4名に, ソーシャルスキルトレーニング (SST) を行い, 前後の行動を比較した結果, ①コミュニケーション行動の増加と, ②ペア活動の相手を中心視野に捉えようとする注目行動の増加が認められた. ヒト位置情報の二次元尺度化は, ソーシャルスキルの治療的介入がもたらす行動における空間的時間的変化の可視化に有用であり, 従来の行動観察法を補う定量評価法の一つとして, 今後の応用が期待される.

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豊かな出産体験が母親の養育態度と学童期における子どもの行動に与える影響

鈴木浩太, 北洋輔, 井上祐紀, 加我牧子, 三砂ちづる, 竹原健二, 稲垣真澄

脳と発達 44   368 - 373 2012年

査読有り

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Developmental changes in rapid automatized naming and Hiragana reading of Japanese elementary school children

Tomoka Kobayashi, Masumi Inagaki, Atsuko Gunji, Kiyomi Yatabe, Yosuke Kita, Makiko Kaga, Takaaki Gotoh, Toshihide Koike

No To Hattatsu 43 （ 6 ） 465 - 470 2011年11月

査読有り,  ISSN  0029-0831

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Two hundred and seven Japanese elementary school children aged from 6 (Grade 1) to 12 (Grade 6) years old were tested for their abilities to name numbers and pictured objects along with reading Hiragana characters and words. These children all showed typical development and their classroom teachers judged that they were not having any problems with reading or writing. The children were randomly divided into two groups, the first group was assigned to two naming tasks
the rapid automatized naming (RAN) of "numbers" and "pictured objects," the second group was assigned to two rapid alternative stimulus (RAS) naming tasks using numbers and pictured objects. All children were asked to perform two reading tasks that were written in Hiragana script : single mora reading task and four syllable word reading task. The total articulation time for naming and reading and performance in terms of accuracy were measured for each task. Developmental changes in these variables were evaluated. The articulation time was significantly longer for the first graders, and it gradually shortened as they moved through to the upper grades in all tasks. The articulation time reached a plateau in the 5th grade for the number naming, while gradual change continued after drastic change in the lower grades for the pictured object naming. The articulation times for the single mora reading and RAN of numbers correlated strongly. The articulation time for the RAS naming was significantly longer compared to that for the RAN, though there were very few errors. The RAS naming showed the highest correlation with the four syllable word reading. This study demonstrated that the performance in rapid automatized naming of numbers and pictures were closely related with performance on reading tasks. Thus Japanese children with reading disorders such as developmental dyslexia should also be evaluated for rapid automatized naming.

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学童における呼称能力の発達とひらがな読み能力との関連

小林 朋佳, 稲垣 真澄, 軍司 敦子, 矢田部 清美, 北 洋輔, 加我 牧子, 後藤 隆章, 小池 敏英

脳と発達 （The Japanese Society of Child Neurology）  43 （ 6 ） 465 - 470 2011年11月

査読有り,  ISSN  0029-0831

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数字や線画を単独あるいは交互に呼称する課題を通常級在籍中の小学1～6年生207名に行い, ひらがな音読能力との関連を検討した. 数字呼称時間は小学3～4年生まで短縮し続け, 単音音読時間と相関していた. 一方, 線画呼称は学童期の前半で特に短縮変化が目立ち, 以降はゆるやかに変化した. 交互課題はいずれの年齢においても単独呼称より時間がかかったが, エラーがほとんどなく施行できた. 呼称能力はひらがな音読能力と関連性がみられ, 交互課題は単語音読とより強く相関していた. 日本語話者の発達性読み書き障害の病態解明の一助として, 音読異常を持つ小児の数字・線画呼称スピードを今後検討する必要があると思われる.

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学習障害児の脳機能 発達性読み書き障害児の非侵襲的脳機能評価

稲垣 真澄, 小林 朋佳, 北 洋輔, 山崎 広子, 矢田部 清美, 加我 牧子

臨床神経生理学 （(一社)日本臨床神経生理学会）  39 （ 5 ） 347 - 347 2011年10月

ISSN  1345-7101

Self-face recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: A near-infrared spectroscopy study

Yosuke Kita, Atsuko Gunji, Yuki Inoue, Takaaki Goto, Kotoe Sakihara, Makiko Kaga, Masumi Inagaki, Toru Hosokawa

BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT （ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV）  33 （ 6 ） 494 - 503 2011年06月

査読有り,  ISSN  0387-7604

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It is assumed that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have specificities for self-face recognition, which is known to be a basic cognitive ability for social development. In the present study, we investigated neurological substrates and potentially influential factors for self-face recognition of ASD patients using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The subjects were 11 healthy adult men, 13 normally developing boys, and 10 boys with ASD. Their hemodynamic activities in the frontal area and their scanning strategies (eye-movement) were examined during self-face recognition. Other factors such as ASD severities and self-consciousness were also evaluated by parents and patients, respectively. Oxygenated hemoglobin levels were higher in the regions corresponding to the right inferior frontal gyrus than in those corresponding to the left inferior frontal gyrus. In two groups of children these activities reflected ASD severities, such that the more serious ASD characteristics corresponded with lower activity levels. Moreover, higher levels of public self-consciousness intensified the activities, which were not influenced by the scanning strategies. These findings suggest that dysfunction in the right inferior frontal gyrus areas responsible for self-face recognition is one of the crucial neural substrates underlying ASD characteristics, which could potentially be used to evaluate psychological aspects such as public self-consciousness. (C) 2010 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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自閉症スペクトラム障害の歴史--診断をめぐる歴史的論争

北 洋輔, 細川 徹

東北大学大学院教育学研究科研究年報 （東北大学大学院教育学研究科）  59 （ 2 ） 147 - 166 2011年06月

査読有り,  ISSN  1346-5740

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Scanning strategies do not modulate face identification: eye-tracking and near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Yosuke Kita, Atsuko Gunji, Kotoe Sakihara, Masumi Inagaki, Makiko Kaga, Eiji Nakagawa, Toru Hosokawa

PloS one 5 （ 6 ） e11050 2010年06月

査読有り,  ISSN  1932-6203

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BACKGROUND: During face identification in humans, facial information is sampled (seeing) and handled (processing) in ways that are influenced by the kind of facial image type, such as a self-image or an image of another face. However, the relationship between seeing and information processing is seldom considered. In this study, we aimed to reveal this relationship using simultaneous eye-tracking measurements and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in face identification tasks. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 22 healthy adult subjects (8 males and 14 females) were shown facial morphing movies in which an initial facial image gradually changed into another facial image (that is, the subject's own face was changed to a familiar face). The fixation patterns on facial features were recorded, along with changes in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) levels in the frontal lobe, while the subjects identified several faces. In the self-face condition (self-face as the initial image), hemodynamic activity around the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was significantly greater than in the familiar-face condition. On the other hand, the scanning strategy was similar in almost all conditions with more fixations on the eyes and nose than on other areas. Fixation time on the eye area did not correlate with changes in oxyHb levels, and none of the scanning strategy indices could estimate the hemodynamic changes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that hemodynamic activity, i.e., the means of processing facial information, is not always modulated by the face-scanning strategy, i.e., the way of seeing, and that the right IFG plays important roles in both self-other facial discrimination and self-evaluation.

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発達性読み書き障害児の大細胞系機能評価と読字書字症状との関連 低空間周波数サイン様縦縞刺激VEPによる検討

山崎 広子, 北 洋輔, 矢田部 清美, 小林 朋佳, 加我 牧子, 稲垣 真澄

脳と発達 （(一社)日本小児神経学会）  42 （ Suppl. ） S251 - S251 2010年05月

ISSN  0029-0831

Relationship between clinical symptoms and Hiragana reading ability in children with difficulties in reading and writing: Usefulness of a clinical-symptoms-checklist

Yosuke Kita, Tomoka Kobayashi, Toshihide Koike, Tatsuya Koeda, Eiji Wakamiya, Toru Hosokawa, Makiko Kaga, Masumi Inagaki

No To Hattatsu 42 （ 6 ） 437 - 442 2010年

査読有り,  ISSN  0029-0831

　概要を見る

We investigated the clinical symptoms of children with developmental dyslexia (DD) and evaluated the relationship between these symptoms and their Hiragana reading abilities. In order to detect the clinical symptoms of DD, we newly developed a clinical-symptoms-checklist (CL), which consisted of a total of 30 yes/no questions regarding symptoms linked to reading (15 questions) and writing (15 questions). Subjects were 98 Japanese school grade (1 to 9) children, aged 6 to 15 years old, with normal intelligence confirmed by the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC-III) and they were divided into 2 groups according to their diagnosis. Twenty four children diagnosed as developmental dyslexia consisted the DD group, and the remaining 74 children were grouped in the non-DD group. CL showed significant construct validity (p&lt
0.05) and inner consistency (reading: α =0.82, writing: α =0.72) after deleting two questions from the originals. The number of questions checked in the CL reading subcategory significantly correlated with the Hiragana reading ability of articulation time in all Hiragana reading tasks (p&lt
0.001). More severe clinical symptoms and lower reading ability were observed in the DD group compared to the non-DD group. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis indicated that these two groups could be discriminated by the CL and the results of the reading task, and both sensitivity and specificity rate were approximately 80%. It was suggested that 7 or more positive checks in the CL and 2 or more abnormal scores in the reading tasks might discriminate DD from other conditions which cause difficulties in reading and writing in Japanese children.

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自閉症スペクトラム障害(ASD)における感情--非定型発達脳での感情発達に及ぼす社会的経験の役割 (特集 感情発達)

北 洋輔, 細川 徹

心理学評論 （心理学評論刊行会）  53 （ 1 ） 140 - 150 2010年

査読有り,  ISSN  0386-1058

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読み書きにつまずきを示す小児の臨床症状とひらがな音読能力の関連—発達性読み書き障害診断における症状チェックリストの有用性

北洋輔, 小林朋佳, 小池敏英, 小枝達也, 若宮英司, 細川徹, 稲垣真澄

脳と発達 （The Japanese Society of Child Neurology）  42 （ 6 ） 437 - 447 2010年

査読有り,  ISSN  0029-0831

　概要を見る

全般的知能正常で読み書きにつまずきを持つ小中学生98名 (発達性読み書き障害, すなわちdevelopmental dyslexia (DD) 群24名と非DD群74名) に対して, 読字・書字各15項目からなる臨床症状チェックリスト (以下CL) を適用し, ひらがな音読能力を検討した. 信頼性分析の結果, CL各13項目の妥当性が示され, 音読4課題成績との関連性が認められた. DD群は非DD群より多くの臨床症状を有しており, 音読課題の成績低下も顕著であった. 臨床症状が7つ該当し, 音読課題2つに異常がみられる場合, DD群は感度 (79.7%) と特異度 (79.2%) がバランス良く, 非DD群と弁別された. 以上より, DDの医学的診断における本CLの臨床的有用性が示された.

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自閉症スペクトラム障害のある児に対するSocial Skill Trainingの客観的評価--顔認知時の眼球運動解析法の適用可能性

北 洋輔, 軍司 敦子, 佐久間 隆介

精神保健研究 （国立精神・神経医療研究センター精神保健研究所）   （ 23 ） 81 - 87 2010年

査読有り,  ISSN  0915-065X

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Autism Spectrum Disorders児の対人距離に関する研究動向

北 洋輔, 稲垣 真澄, 軍司 敦子, 細川 徹

東北大学大学院教育学研究科研究年報 （東北大学教育学部）  58 （ 1 ） 149 - 162 2009年12月

査読有り,  ISSN  1346-5740

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新規のサイン様格子刺激によるVEPは大細胞系機能を反映しうる

山崎 広子, 稲垣 真澄, 北 洋輔, 矢田部 清美, 軍司 敦子, 加我 牧子

脳と発達 （(一社)日本小児神経学会）  41 （ Suppl. ） S191 - S191 2009年05月

ISSN  0029-0831

読み書きにつまずきのある児童の症状とひらがな読み機能との関連

北 洋輔, 稲垣 真澄, 矢田部 清美, 小林 朋佳, 軍司 敦子, 加我 牧子

脳と発達 （(一社)日本小児神経学会）  41 （ Suppl. ） S196 - S196 2009年05月

ISSN  0029-0831

Risk and protective factors for juvenile delinquencies in children with pervasive developmental disorders: Findings from life-story research

Yosuke Kita, Mari Tanaka, Takekatsu Kikuchi

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY （PSYCHOLOGY PRESS）  43 （ 3-4 ） 280 - 280 2008年06月

査読有り,  ISSN  0020-7594

我が国における自閉症児・者に対する「関わり」の検討--「関わり」の「選択モデル」の提唱と見立て

北 洋輔, 横田 晋務, 東海林 渉

東北大学大学院教育学研究科教育ネットワークセンター年報 （教育ネットワークセンター）   （ 8 ） 59 - 75 2008年03月

査読有り

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発達障害児の非行行動発生にかかわる要因の研究動向 : 広汎性発達障害児と注意欠陥多動性障害児を中心にして

北 洋輔, 田中 真理, 菊池 武剋

特殊教育学研究 （一般社団法人 日本特殊教育学会）  46 （ 3 ） 163 - 174 2008年

査読有り,  ISSN  0387-3374

　概要を見る

発達障害に対する正しい認識と適切な支援を導くために、広汎性発達障害児と注意欠陥多動性障害児を中心にして、発達障害児の非行行動発生にかかわる要因について研究動向を整理し、問題点と今後の改善点を指摘した。先行研究からは、個体の障害特性に密接にかかわる非行行動の危険因子と障害を取り巻く環境の危険因子が指摘された。だが、危険因子に着目した取り組みは、非行行動にかかわって発達障害児本人と親・関係者に対する支援を進める際の社会的意義を十分に達成できない問題点がある。その改善点として、非行行動の保護因子の導入と発達障害児の内面世界への着目が挙げられた。

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